新编简明语言学重要期末考点

32. five types of illocutionary speech acts(美国Searle提出） 1) representatives : stating or describing 阐述类 2) directives : getting the hearer to do something 指令类

3) commissives : committing the speaker himself to do some future course of action 承诺类 4) expressives : expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state 表达类 5) declarations : bringing about immediate changes by saying something. 宣告类 33. 区分pragmatics与semantics(语义学，不研究语境中的使用，单纯表达意思） Whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. If it is not considered, the study is confined to the area of semantics. 34. culture

refers to the arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation. 35. language & culture 关系

Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols; language has a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world. 36. learning & acquisition 区别

Learning refers to a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of the vocabulary and grammar of a language, particularly through formal instruction.

Acquisition refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations.

37. two kinds of meanings of any linguistic sign : denotative meaning指示意义（不因文化语境而改变） connotative meaning内涵意义（如象征意义） 38. four maxims of the CP?

1) the maxim of quantity (make the contribution as informative)

数量准则，说话要不多不少，提供对方要求的信息就可以

2) the maxim of quality (do not say something is false) 质量准则，不说假话 3) the maxim of relation (be relevant) 相关准则，不说与话题无关的 4) the maxim of manner (avoid ambiguity) 方式准则，说话不要含糊怪异 39. 美国Paul Grice提出CP : Cooperative Principle 合作原则， 在50年代提出

particularized implicature 言外之意

conventional implicature 规约含义（不受语境影响如but, so)

40. 英国G. Leech 提出 PP，不同意PP原则，提出述谓结构分析predication analysis 41. 英国John Austin 提出speech act theory,(locutionary/illocutionary/perlocutionary act) 42. Stephen Krashen 提出second acquisition 43. 三大语言学家

Saussure, 瑞士人，现代语言学之父，提出结构语言学

Chomsky,美国人，心理语言学，提出TG Grammar,提出competence and performance Halliday, 英国人，功能语言学，提出register三分类：

field of discourse, tenor of discourse, mode of discourse，ideational/interpersonal/textual

44. register 语域/语境（Halliday提出）

1) field of discourse语场（主题，活动，谈话主题） 2) tenor of discourse语旨（交际人之间的关系） 3) mode of discourse语式（说话方式，入口头，书面） 例如：a car dealer and a buyer

field of discourse : business, selling and buying tenor of discourse : seller and customer mode of discourse : oral exchange 45. pragmatic failure : 语言失误

when the speaker fails to use language effectively to achieve a specific communication purpose. 如问外国人have you eaten,问年龄工资都是语言失误 46. sociolinguistics is the study of the relation between language and society. 47. types of social dialects方言分类:

regional dialects地域方言，如美国人说first floor是指1楼，英国人说first floor是指地下室 sociolect社会方言/职业阶层方言 language and gender语言与性别 language and age 语言与年龄 idiolect个人方言

ethnic dialect种族方言，如Black English

48. speech variety变体 refers to any distinguishable forms of speech used by a speaker. 49. degree of formality语言的正式程度(Martin Joos提出） 正式程度分五类： intimate/casual/consultative/formal/frozen

50. Det 指示词/限定词，a/the/this Deg 程度词，quite/very/more Qual频率词，often/always/seldom Con连词，and/but/or P介词

短语结构：NP名词短语

VP动词短语 AP形容词短语 PP介词短语

画TG Grammar树形图

51. What is linguistics ?

52. Why can we say linguistics is science ?

53. What do you know about F.D. Saussure, Noam Chomsky and M.A.K. Halliday ?

54. What is descriptive approach and what is prescriptive approach ?

55. Why is language primarily vocal ?

56. What is the similarities and differences between Saussure’s langue and

Chomsky’s competence ?

57. What is phonetics and what is phonology ?