issue整理+提纲+分类+例子

put to prohibition禁止 by the American government, but turned out to be true masterpieces杰作 today. So any form of censorship, to some extent, lags behind拖后 the development of ideas and will put more or less a negative effect on their development. 3、但有些审查是必要的

对青少年群体健康发展的考虑，sexual affairs; extreme violence 有些媒体为谋取利益编造吸引人的信息

? 132、P8不仅仅要关注利益，还有其他许多方面

1、承认在法律允许范围内寻求利益最大化对企业的重要性 利益对公司发展的重要性；遵守法律的重要性 2、还要遵守社会责任（环境与法律；不用童工） 工业领域要注意环境保护；高科技领域要注意遵守道德(law often lag behind advances in tech) 3、员工福利（富士康等血汗工厂）

As is know, minimize the cost is the basic way for maximizing profit. For this reason, corporate executives have incentives to cut expenses for labor, which is harmful for the employees to a large extent even executives stay within the law. For example, to pay employees with minimum wage as the law stipulates is licit. Such case tends to be quite dramatic when there is excessive labor supply. But common sense tells us that minimum wage is impossible to satisfy necessary needs in daily life. As a result, corporate executives ought to ensure other benefits of their employees, such as allowance, coupons, pension, unemployment compensation and working injury benefits.

? 158、P9同意

1、法律可以限制人们的行为

Our collective life experience is that we make choices and decisions every day--under a legal system. No one is ever granted the rights to surpass the boundary of laws; otherwise there may be lack of protection for private property and personal right from being violated. Common sense tells us that the laws will punish the wrongdoers severely sometimes so harshly even to sentence the felons to death. It is the awe to controlling authority as well as the fear of castigation that made most of the people away from the illicit behaviors. Laws, for better or worse, have put up a paradigm on which people abide by, for the sake of personal interests and the social stability as well.

2、法律可以对hearts and minds没有用 illegal bigamy重婚罪 and marital insincerity 不诚实(preference in nature) 不能控制内心，无法完全限制行为 Laws can exert their influences on people’s “hands and legs”, but when it comes to man’s hearts and minds, it cannot. In the long history of its development, laws change over time and vary from region to region not to alter human nature but to be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times and places. The end of a legal system impels laws to evolve to keep pace with changing mores, customers, and our collective sense of equity but with little concern for the reconstruction of human thoughts. Bigamy, to be commonly regarded as illegal in most countries, is yet legitimate in some Arabian countries. For Islamic, outlawing bigamy seems an impinge upon their religious freedom of choosing mates. Instead of bringing about a revolution in the conception of marriage among Islamic disciples, laws give way to the entrenched customers. 3、法律对人的内心没有用 thieves relapse into复发 stealing(belief)暂时限制行为（依法治国与以德治国相结合）

Still more, from the psychotic analysis angle, that laws will change nature is further doubted.

Sigmund Freud has divided the individual personality into threefold: the id, the ego and the super ego. The ego, as the surface of the nature and the part you show the world, is governed by the \principle,\otherwise known as laws. However, so powerless are laws to extend its impacts on the id and the superego remains below, each has its own significant effects on the personality. A rapist强奸犯, for example, despite years of imprisonment may still relapse into outrages in that laws fail to civilize the id desires composing of instinctual drives. By no means can laws alone alter our nature. Were laws by itself be able to cause a change in the human nature and exercise a fundamental influence on people's hearts and minds, then it would probably be no need for its existence. People at no time can ever have imagined this. In fact, to truly change the human nature, it is through the synergic efforts associating the education, moral and ethic social interactions altogether that brought about a reconstruction of human nature. ? 33、P22部分同意

1、可以解决贫困家庭学生的上学问题，为社会带来更多利益 2、政府不可能也不需要完全资助（奖学金，慈善捐助）

许多国家基础教育尚未普及，不可能完全资助；还可以有其他资助来源，如alumni, patron 3、采用政府资助和学生自助相结合的方式 学生参加科研、工作（勤工助学）

? 理性与感性

? 236、P11不同意

1、承认人们的态度受到当时环境的影响

a shy and quiet person may get furious or even violent when they felt extremely insulted侮辱; a sports fan may get indifferent to the reports of his favorite stars when he meet with something unhappy; an accommodating person may refuse to help when he or she is busy with something more important or urgent

2、但态度更主要的是由人格【自身特点】决定的（人格决定怎么处理，遇到值钱东西，诚实的人会交还失主，而爱占小便宜的人可能就会留着自己用） when driver found a wallet left by passengers

3、许多情况下，无论环境怎么变，人格所决定的态度不会变 乐观的人会一直保持积极的态度：半杯水

Misers守财奴 are stingy and tight no matter whether they are rich or not

generous people are willing to share limited resources with others no matter how penniless they are

? 71、P13同意deeply held values是socialization的结果而不是理性选择的结果 1、人们所处环境中的文化帮助形成价值观（中西方的差异） 东方人含蓄，西方人直接

2、价值观在人成长过程中逐步形成，特别是在儿童和青少年时期，那个时候人的理智并没有完全形成，因而仅仅是接受社会环境传递来的价值观 社会环境塑造了男女的个性特点（从小开始）

3、不要忽视理性对价值观的改良作用，成年人应该勇于用自己的理性质疑、完善自己的价值观体系

根深蒂固的价值观并不一定都正确，施舍乞丐（应该鼓励他们凭自己的能力挣钱） ? 90、P42历史研究需要一些想象和推测，但历史学家和故事家是有差别的

1、由于第一手历史资料不完整，需要根据仅有的证据猜想历史，构建历史，如无文字记载

时期，dinosaur

2、历史学家根据史实和社会历史发展规律、研究方法做推测，故事家根据自己的想象或为迎合读者而创作

Dayu took successful measures to control the flood in Yangzi river excavate paths in the ground to lead the overflowing water

3、历史学家尽力做到客观，不带个人情感，因而不同观点的历史学家之间会有激烈争论，大家都希望弄清历史真相，从而给现代社会以参考；而故事家主要表达文学情感，不存在对与错 Napoleon（外国著作）

? 92、P24智力培养和情感培养都很重要，都是教育的必要部分 1、当前教育过分强调智力培养，忽视学生情感需要（只是死学）

使学生缺乏创造力，学生有情感，对学习内容有自己的理解，但被压抑 2、情感教育可以增强学习兴趣、信心、自我调节能力（情感在艺术领域中有很重要的作用）；否则难以学好（培养学习兴趣） 3、两者之间达到平衡

? 162、P17不仅要相信智慧，还要有道德 1、智慧在学术研究中扮演重要角色 Einstein, Edison,

2、只有智慧，不顾道德和法律会很危险

nuclear weapon, chemical weapon, human cloning, hacker 3、智慧加道德，才能使智慧为人类某福利

nuclear powerstation; organ cloning; information sharing ? 27、P5不同意

1、教育领域非常强调智力培养

学校学习，重智力：考试重在考察智力；解决问题能力培养的核心也在于智力 2、社会工作对人的智力要求逐渐提高，缺少智慧的人会淘汰

找工作，promotion（只有智力也不行，nuclear weapon，不顾道德法律危险） 3、社会不应该过分强调智力，还要情感、创造力等非智力因素non-intellect, such as emotion, feeling and creativity

教育，重视情感，培养学生学习兴趣，解决心理问题emotion, feeling 工作，重视情感与创造力creativity

? 114、P25同意在mental agility and rhetorical skill的同时要有sincerity and conviction of beliefs

1、诚信是一种受到人们珍视的美德，是成功的必要条件 stepstone to success。

没有诚信，就会失去他人的信任，没有朋友，不被接受，自然与成功无缘；在学习中没有sincerity 欺骗自己和老师；事业中没有sincerity, 无法成功，比如从事商业 2、坚定的信念是学生必备的素质之一（爱迪生）

If one advances confidently in the road of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common hours.\

只有有坚定的信念，才能在学习过程中有的放矢，坚持到底；只有坚持信念，事业中才会成功，如Martin

3、重视思维的敏捷和思辩能力也很重要；如果只重视思维的敏捷和思辩能力，只重视技巧而忽视原则和其他一些内在的东西，就可能给社会带来危害。

Take the cyber crime网络犯罪 as an example. As internet has played a more and more significant role in our world today, students who are good at computer science, especially the

internet, is popular and welcome. However, if these intelligent students lack sincerity and the conviction of their own beliefs, they may bring great harm into our world. Some of them break into the internet bank system of the country to get money unlawfully, and some of them attack the internet military defense system just to show their brightness.

? 106、P8社会评价和自我评价是成功的两个衡量标准，都需要

1、对自己来说，成功在于达到自己指定的目标athlete in Olympic Games 2、社会奖励是社会对个人贡献的肯定，是成功的外在衡量标准Nobel Prize 3、要取得更大的成功，应该更注重自我评价，而不是躺在社会荣誉上休息 不能太强调社会荣誉，否则使人失去信心或成功后缺乏动力 超越自我，为人类社会做出贡献才是成功Bill Gates ? 107、P14根据事实的情况而定

1、独立与人类的客观自然规律无法改变，虽然曾经认识错误：太阳中心 2、科学研究的事实无法改变，伪造事实notorious声名狼藉的

Korean for example. Dr. Hwang, a professor in biology who is well known for his achievements published in top class journal, was discovered to have been fabricating experimental results according to his subjective thinking since ten years ago.

3、历史事实虽然本身无法改变，但人们对它的解释可以改变，使事实似乎已经改变 事实证据不足，猜想；日本教科书

? 137、P16有一些观察是受主观影响的，有一些观察是客观的 1、日常生活根据个人的见解，对同一事件的观察是受到主观影响的

When beholding a car accident, for instance, different people have different views: someone will have his own idea about who is responsible for the accident, yet view of others would contradict his judgment; some will feel worried and sympathetic about the one injured in the accident, while some consider only the brands and prices of the cars destroyed. All these views are based on different observations which are guided by distinctive personal ideas of everyone.

2、艺术领域，艺术家对外界事物的观察是主观的

It is necessary and justifiable for the observer to employ their subjective expectations and desires unboundedly into the observation of the world and their works as well. Art serve to reveal the inner impulses and spirits of the artists and convey them through artistic works. On the contrary, objectivity is of no use in this realm. In Impression: Sunrise, the famous painting of great impressionist Claude Monet we can see no objective reflection of real world but subjective interpretation of the scene. Hence, we see that only by using subjective view to observe the mundane world红尘 and then interpret observations into works could the essential nature and aim of art as well as the imagination and inspirations of artists be achieved and preserved. 3、科学领域的观察是客观的

It is the spirit and essence of science require the observer in any fields of this realm to be objective for the subjective desires and expectations would mislead the observation and even destroy the whole research. Assume that a scientist in a certain research observes according to his own desires and expectations, as a result, the data recorded by him would be inaccurate and unconvincing even distorted because it is likely that only the data accord with his ideas are collected while others are not. Moreover, the advanced technologies and sophisticated复杂的 schedules which scientific observers use in the researches help them to perform the objective observation.

? 164、P17数据固然重要，但没有数据也可以建立理论