issue整理+提纲+分类+例子

domain undiscovered by predecessors, unless one has extraordinary original creative ideas, such as Einstein’s principle of relativity.

Gravity Model, a current popular economic model using in calculating regional trade in regional organizations, comes from a basic theory in physics. This mode seems a fully original creation in economics, but in fact it is only an improvement on the basis of an existing theory referred from another field.

3、要批判地看待前人的研究，从缺陷与不足中寻找创新critical eye

In the medieval it was widely accepted that Earth is the center of the universe, yet Copernicus later published the successful sun center theory. Aristotle believed that something heavier would fall faster than something lighter, yet Galileo proved that anything would fall at the same pace. Church said that human beings were created by God, yet Darwin justified the evolution theory. ? 206、P20尽管有些问题的复杂性是一直不变，也有新出现的问题更复杂了 1、承认universal and timeless问题neither more nor less complex

social problems of prejudice and discrimination; interpersonal realationships with people of the opposite gender; power abouse and corruption; discrepancies between the rich and the poor; philosophy of human nature; the origin of universe

2、但是新出现的问题确实比以前复杂 problems unique to today's world

energy crisis-over consumption of finite natural resources; population explosion; environmental deterioration; globalization, increasing interdependencies among nations in political, economical, cultural and military realms

3、challenging problem的出现是和知识增加有关的，知识越多不理解的问题越多，而且这些问题是比以往更丰富的知识都解决不了的，所以问题确实越来越复杂

Einstein：if our owned knowledge is bounded within a circle, when the circle is increasing its size, the circumstance is becoming longer where we have more unsolved problems that we encounter just outside the circumstance.

但是我们解决问题的能力也在增加

? 113、P8 we live in the best time of history 1、承认现代社会的生活存在前所未有的挑战 竞争压力（人多）；知识爆炸压力；生活节奏压力（空余时间减少） 2、与以前的生活相比，现在的生活工作条件比以往都好 通讯交流；交通；医疗；教育

3、抱怨没有用，正确态度是积极面对当前问题

认识到任何进步有积极与消极影响，努力发挥积极因素，限制消极影响；当前困难掩盖了（blind us from seeing）前人生活的困难，认识现代社会为我们带来的好处，感受幸运，形成积极心态；自我鼓励和调节，充满信心地应对挑战；

? 119、P15同意每个时代要根据自己的情况定义对错，但不是所有方面 1、社会观念在变化social concept，需要重新定义对错

women are expected to be submissive服从的 and obedient to men in the old times.

after women's campaign for an equal rights with men, society imposes on its members the belief that it is right for women to be independent and it is wrong for them to rely on other's for a living 2、社会形式在变化，需要重新定义对错（中国的人口）

The classic example occurs at the dawn of the P. R. China. while the new country was found on the ashes of the World War 2, the population diminished to the lowest point from several

decades before. Considering the traditions in the history, the leaders of new government decided to encourage procreation without a rational limitation. Grant this measure was an efficient one for every new dynasty before in China, things changed and technology becomes the best way to success. Unfortunately, we Chinese found this mistake so late that China become the country with the biggest amount of people, and the problem of population become a balk blocking the development of our country.

3、但也有一些永恒的规则不需要重新定义对错be sincere; have strong conviction; cooperate ? 38、P5部分同意（同上面113）

1、确实带来许多问题pressure, high expectation, less free time, health

2、带来好处，如提高效率，更有成就感transportation, communication; marketing 3、积极面对问题

认识到它们是新的发展阶段的标志，比过去都好 努力适应快速的生活节奏，享受带来的好处 ? 221、P40同意

1、被评价者在当代的power and influence可能影响评价的客观性

For example, Hitler was thought to be a hero at his time by those who also opposed of Judah, and the Judah. You may say that I was wrong, but the truth is that there are many countries was under the rule of Hitler, the children of the other nations had to study Germany and learn to be a loyalist even they didn't want to. Only after the war can the people pointed out the crime. The famous movie \‘s List\such examples because people are all afraid of great politicians. 2、被评价者的思想可能很超前，同时代人还无法理解 Van Gogh; Copernicus

3、后人可以从历史角度客观评价，同时代人往往是从社会角度评价

对后人来说，被评价者是历史人物，可以观察他的一生， 分析他对在整个历史中的影响；同时代人看不到未来，不知道被评价者可能对社会未来发展产生多大影响Mao

? 统一与分歧（竞争）

? 225、不同意见与相同意见P31,225

1．意见相同的人有共同关心的问题，容易交流People hold same ideas care the same issue, which makes it easy to communicate and gain more knowledge in the certain field. In addition, their views reveal the important and the core of their work and their positive suggestions could provide us a more insightful understanding of the topic and more thoughts for further work. However, all the help described above can only promise our success in completeness of our own ideas about the topic. Breakthrough will be hardly achieved because it requires a distinct vision never created before to lead people. Without different opinions, it is difficult to jump out from our own myopic目光短浅 thinking.（反对大众认可的权威） 2、如果背景相同，意见不一的人交流比相同的人交流学到更多

Before the Wave-Particle duality波粒二象性 in quantum physics量子物理学 has been found, two groups of people always dispute with each other. Some scientists conducted the experiment showing that particles in microworld have wave properties while some found they possess properties of particles. The contradiction pushed them into further study resulting in the overturned颠覆的 discovery of Wave-Particle duality which compromises both of contradicted views to fully describe the physical property of the particles in microworld.（promise也可）

3、Of course, disagreement can also inhibit learning when two with different background disagree on fundamental assumptions needed for meaningful discourse and debate. For example, a student of paleontology（换学科） learns little about the revolution of an animal species by debating with an individual who do not believe in evolution.

? 226、竞争优缺点P1,226 1、经济竞争消费者受益

Generally speaking, competition in economic field contributes to the progress in business because it can help promote the quality of the commodities as well as drive the manufacturer to create. Customers will benefit much more from these commodities with better quality and enjoy more comfort services and many new products.

2、竞选，公众受益

In democratic countries, when parties and candidates compete for power, the public benefits; in other words, competition will bring us a more effective leader with significant skills and wisdom which can protect the nation from the incapable government.

3、过度竞争不利于发展

Admittedly, when competition gets out of the control of mores and laws, society will suffer some troubles such as pressure and illegal competition among opponents. For example, students compete for the grades and workers compete for the jobs in immoral ways will slag off behind the back. 神马意思

? 229、同一课程与不同安排（小众与大众）P21，229 1、共同的标准，便于打下基础

The national curriculum ensures students to follow the same standard and demand so that they can prepare themselves well for the college and university. Just like mathematics, computer and language, forming a same education background can develop a fundamental skills and knowledge. Therefore the suitable national curriculum can help children grow up as informed and productive ones. On the other hand, it also contributes to preserving a unified national culture and national cohesion.

2、不同的爱好性格，不能都是一样的

However, a general curriculum decided by authority rather than by local schools limits students to a narrow scope of knowledge too early. Actually, different provinces, communities, schools even parents hold different ideas about education. They will not agree the nation to shape their children into a same figure with same thoughts and knowledge background. People have various interests in learning.

3、不同local特点，保护当地文化，适应当地特点

In a multi-cultural society, different ethnic种族的 communities should be given the opportunity to preserve and promote their traditional cultures in order to meet the needs of keeping local culture. Business courses are more suitable for children in metropolitan (big city); while course on farming are more useful for those in hinterland.

? 241、P2同意要遵守公正法律，反对不公正法律，但也有一些法律很难区分公正与否 1、法律是维护社会秩序的工具，只有遵守法律才能维持社会公平

criminal law can deal with murder, theft, adultery, or the like; economical law provides a rule for economic activity and settles the dispute between both sides of the trade; tax law makes sure that tax is handed in according to the tax standard.

2、当法律伤害大部分人利益的时候，是不公正的，要反对

Hitler made a series of laws which could be treated as unjust laws. Under the control of Hitler and his laws, mass of the Jews were killed optionally as he liked, and no justice any more then. Still, warm hearted people in German would like to disobey the laws and hide the Jews in their house. More and more people including several judges began to resist the laws in spite of the miserable results followed. If it were not for the resisting of people to the laws and Hitler, no success would be reached.

3、但是现代社会中也有一些法律很难区分公正与否，立法者需要控制好平衡，

交通事故 如果大家都被动地遵守，势必要牺牲一部分人的利益；如果每个人都根据自己的利益决定是否要遵守，会导致社会混乱；所要立法者主持公道 ? 242、P11部分同意

1、当排除异议和对照其他观点的时候，在比较的过程中可能有助于发现理念的价值。比如和一个理念的对立观点已经被证明是错误的，那么这个理念很可能是有价值的。

people can learn from past history（发现遗传物质的过程中，人们将核蛋白中蛋白质水解掉证明了DNA是遗传物质）

2、当然，在为观点辩护的时候要从对方立场上来分析观点的薄弱之处，如果不能withstand抵抗 critical arguments,说明价值少（地心说）；如果能够，说明有价值（日心说） technology bring challenge to modern life

3、一个理念是否有价值要看它是否有用，这是要在实践中检验出来的（经济理论：市场经济与宏观调控）

whether a teaching method is effective

? 15、P12部分同意

1、坚持信念可以走向成功（伽利略）

Mary Curie adhere to her belief; Beethoven; Helon Keller

Marie Curie's belief-there must be some new matter with the feature of radioactive concealing in the industrial wastes-had enabled her to work arduously and tenaciously, and eventually given birth to the discovery of Radium, which wan Marie Curie the Nobel Prize and meanwhile contributed significantly to the progress of medical science.

2、不能盲目的坚持，如果我们坚持的东西是错误的话，否则必将走向失败；如：希特勒 The most egregious example to illustrate this point involves Hitler, whose belief that the Jews presented potential harm to him and his countrymen was completely ridiculous and fantastic, which ultimately resulted in the tragic mass persecution and even genocide.

3、有时，为了成功我们也需要暂时的妥协；如卧薪尝胆的故事，就是在力量弱的时候妥协争取生存和发展的机会，以期待日后的崛起long march of Chinese army ? 17、P12不同意

1、竞争中优胜劣汰，选拔出最优秀的：人才；产品； 2、竞争可以激发斗志，促进创新与发展：市场经济；岗位 3、当然竞争也会带来压力、不良影响：学生（剽窃）；健康；经济（不正当竞争） ? 26、P5部分同意

1、现代社会十分需要合作，合作是社会发展的一大趋势（软件开发，科学研究需要不同领域的交叉）

many job need to work on projects which cannot be done without cooperation, need cooperative spirit and skills; software industry

2、但是竞争意识也是很重要的，竞争可以促进社会进步、提高竞争力，也是领导者必不可少的。（election；sports）