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object usually precedes the verb.
25. ( ) The contextual view is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a
pragmatic sense.
26. ( ) Language change is different from the change in the grammar.
27. ( ) An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form. 28. ( ) British English and American English are the two geographical varieties of the English
language.
29. ( ) Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated in a single
area of the left hemisphere.
30. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a native language. Ⅲ. 21-25 FTFFT 26-30 FFTFF
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×
10=30%)
31. allophone
32. finite clause
33. coordinate sentence
34. derivation
35. interference
36. arbitrariness
37. apocope
38. hapology
39. brain lateralization
40. instrumental motivation Ⅳ.
31. Allophones refer to the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment. For example,［］and［ｌ］are the actual realization of the phoneme［ｌ］, and ［］and［］are the actual realization of the phoneme［p］.
32. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a finite clause. For example, John reads extensively.” and “ We are students.”
33. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as “and”, “but”, “or”. The two clauses in a coordinate sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence; neither is subordinate to the other. For example, John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history. You'd better hurry or you'll be late.
34. Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words. For example, modern—modernize, child—childhood.
35. In second language learning the use of one's first language rule which lead to an error or
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试题
inappropriate form in the target language is known as interference. For example, Chinese learners' frequent production of incorrect sequences like “Although...but...” is an instance of mother tongue interference.
36. The arbitrariness of language lies in the fact that there is no logical connection between the linguistic form and its corresponding linguistic meaning. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. For example: 书in Chinese, book in English, livre in French and Buch in German. Although not every symbol is arbitrary, non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the total number of words used in a language.
37. Apocope refers to the phenomenon of the deletion of a word-final vowel segment. It is a kind of sound loss. For example, “name” and “love” were pronounced respectively as /na:ma:/ and /lufu/ in Old English, and /na:m / and /luv / in Middle English, but as /neim/ and /l v/ in Modern English.
38. Hapology refers to the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence. For example, the Old English word “Engla-land” (the land of Angles) came to be pronounced “England” through the assimilation of “la-la” sounds
39. Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, in most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills as well as the perception of non-linguistic sounds and musical melodies; the left hemisphere controls reading and writing while the right hemisphere controls recognition of patterns.
40. Motivation in language learning can be defined in terms of the learner’s overall goal or orientation. Some learners learn a second language in order to use it functionally, i.e., to use it as an instrument for the purpose of, for instance, securing a desirable job or passing an important examination. Thus instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is functional.
V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?
42. What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning? Ⅴ.
41. a. Language is a rule-governed system.
b. Language is basically vocal. c. Language is arbitrary.
d. Language is used for human communication.
42. The phonological features that occur above the sound segmental level are called suprasegmental features. The major suprasegmental features of English include word stress, sentence stress and intonation. The suprasegmental features distinguish meaning.
Model Test 6
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×
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10=20%)
1. ( ) If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people what
they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be __________. A. productive B. arbitrary C. prescriptive D. creative
2. ( ) __________, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second
element receives secondary stress. A. Orthographically B. Phonetically C. Semantically D. Syntactically
3. ( ) __________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.
A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Lexicology D. Coordination
4. ( ) In Austin's speech act theory, a(n) __________ act is the act performed by or resulting
from saying something, in other words, the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. speech B. illocutionary C. perlocutionary D. locutionary
5. ( ) __________ is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.
A. Abbreviation B. Acronym C. Clipping D. Blending
6. ( ) Language disorder resulting from a damage to __________ in the brain reveals word
finding difficulties and problems with syntax. A. Benton's area B. Wernicke's area C. the angular gyrus D. Broca's area
7. ( ) In contrast with learning, __________ refers to the gradual and subconscious
development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
A. interference B. instruction C. acquisition D. correction
8. ( ) Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are
__________.
A. stems B. affixes C. suffixes D. prefixes.
9. ( ) If the meaning of sentence X is included in that of sentence Y, we say sentence X
__________ sentence Y.
A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes
10. ( ) Where the target language functions as a foreign language as learned in such a limited
environment as in school, the learner is likely to benefit from an __________motivation. A. instrumental B. functional C. social D. integrative
I. 1-5 CBBCC 6-10 DCCCD
II. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and
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you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)
11. Language is p__________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.
12. P_________ occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end.
13. S__________ is a phenomenon in semantics, referring to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.
14. Historical linguists are concerned with the historical d__________ of languages and the processes involved in language change.
15. P__________ is the study of language in relation to the mind.
16. Linguistics is generally defined as the s__________ study of language.
17. One way out of the communication dilemma is language s__________ known as language planning.
18. D__________ means that language can be used to refer to things which present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present , or future, or in faraway places.
19. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is l__________.
20. The m__________ rule of adjective agreement has been lost from English.
II. 11. productive 12. Prefixes 13. Synonymy 14. development 15. Psycholinguistics 16. scientific 17. standardization 18. Displacement 19. linear 20. morphosyntactic
Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for
true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
21. ( ) The ultimate objective of language is to create grammatically well formed sentences. 22. ( ) Suffixes, in contrast with prefixes, are added to the end of stems.
23. ( ) The semantic triangle theory avoids all of the problems the naming theory has
encountered, and therefore is the best approach to the study of meaning.
24. ( ) Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.
25. ( ) The right ear advantage shows that the right ear is more sensitive to signals, both
linguistic and non-linguistic, than the left ear.
26. ( ) It is the property of arbitrariness that provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about
a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.
27. ( ) The maxim of relation requires that what the speaker says should be relevant with the
current topic of the exchange.
28. ( ) When language users use it to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person
to another or as an attempt to control each other's behavior, we think that language is now functioning as a means of intrapersonal communication.
29. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 30. ( ) Phrase structure rules are rewrite rules. Ⅲ. 21-25 FTFTF 26-30 FTFFT
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×
10=30%)
31.competence
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