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试题
other speaker answers in a different language.
19. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious i__________ on the part of adults.
20. The preschool years are a c__________ period for first language acquisition. II. 11. cultural 12. Complementary 13. derivational 14. subordinating 15. semantic 16.polysemic 17. Middle 18. Code-switching 19. instruction 20. crucial
Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for
true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
21. ( ) Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.
22. ( ) Phonology is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with
all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.
23. ( ) Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress:
word stress and sentence stress.
24. ( ) WH movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to
interrogative.
25. ( ) The superordinate term is more general in meaning than its hyponyms. 26. ( ) Semantic shift is the same as semantic change.
27. ( ) From a sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety of
a language.
28. ( ) Psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics.
29. ( ) According to the Behaviorist learning theory, a child's verbal behavior was conditioned
through association between a stimulus and the following response.
30. ( ) Language acquisition and language learning are believed to refer to the same process. Ⅲ. 21-25 TFTTT 26-30 FTTTF
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×
10=30%)
31. phoneme
32. homonymy
33. antonymy
34. blending
35. taboo
36. phonology
37. tone
38. speech variety
39. diglossia
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试题
40. negative transfer Ⅳ.
31. A phoneme is the basic unit in phonology; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. Such as / p / and / b / .
32. Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. For example, night / knight, piece / peace, fast adj. / fast v. , tear v. / tear n.
33. The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning between lexical items, such as the meanings between hot and cold, sad and happy.
34. Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. For example, smog—smoke+fog , motel—motor+hotel.
35. Taboo, or rather linguistic taboo, refers to an obscene, profane, or swear word or expression that is prohibited from general use by the educated and “polite” society. For example, fuck, breast, shit, etc.
36. The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is called phonology. For example, the study of phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, suprasegmental phonemes, etc.
37. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes; therefore, the tone is a suprasegmental feature. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in tone languages. English is not a tone language. But Chinese is a typical tone language, which has four tones, i.e., the level, the rise, the fall-rise, and the fall. Tone is especially important in Chinese because it distinguishes meaning at the word level. For example: mā(妈), má(麻) mǎ(马) mà(骂).
38. Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. The distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or a combination of linguistic features. Speech varieties include regional dialects, social dialects, registers and so on.
39. Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations. Usually, one is a more standard variety called the high variety, which is used for more formal or serious matters. And the other is a non-prestige variety called low variety, which is used in colloquial and other informal situations. For example, much of Western European history witnessed a diglossia situation in which a foreign language such as Latin enjoyed a position as the high variety and the native languages such as French and English as the low variety.
40. In learning a second language, learners subconsciously use their native language knowledge. This is known as language transfer. Transfer can be positive or negative. Negative transfer occurs when the first language pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language. Negative transfer is commonly known as interference because it would lead to difficulties or errors in second language learning. For example, Chinese students, due to the interference of their mother tongue, often make mistakes like “ Although… but…”, “He come tomorrow.” and “I not want go.”
V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
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41. What do langue and parole mean respectively?
42. Why is the word order in Modern English more rigid than that in Old English? Ⅴ.
41. According to F·de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by; it is abstract. Parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; it is concrete.
42.The word order in Modern English is more rigid than that in Old English. This is because in Modern English there are no longer the elaborate morphological system used in Old English, such as the case marking system, to help to indicate grammatical relations. Therefore, it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns by their inflectional endings. The functional notions of subject and object have to be indicated largely by the syntactic position of nouns in a linear order, resulting in a system with stricter constraints on word order.
Model Test 5
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1. ( ) __________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.
A. Phonology B. Phonetics C. Morphology D. Phonemics
2. ( ) __________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians
in their study of speech sounds.
A. Broad B. Detailed C. Wide D. Narrow
3. ( ) A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic _________
that speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or grammatical sequences. A. speeches B. utterances C. events D. sentences
4. ( ) Semantics can be defined as the study of __________.
A. naming B. meaning C. communication D. context
5. ( ) __________ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.
A. Speaking B. Speech C. Sound D. Spoken
6. ( ) The word “motel” is formed via word formation rule of __________.
A. clipping B. blending C. acronym D. coinage
7. ( ) __________ involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.
A. Apocope B. Epenthesis C. Metathesis D. Assimilation
8. ( ) There is a gradation of __________ ranging along a continuum between two extremes of
very formal and very informal.
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A. dialect B. register C. variation D. slang
9. ( ) In general, the two-word stage begins roughly in the __________ half of the child's second
year.
A. early B. late C. first D. second
10.( )At the __________ stage negation is simply expressed by single words with negative
meaning.
A. prelinguistic B. multiword C. two word D. one word
I. 1-5 BDBBB 6-10 BCBDD
II. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)
11. Modern linguistics gives priority to the s__________ form of language.
12. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s__________ features.
13. A r__________ can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.
14. P__________ structure rules allow us to better understand how words and phrases form sentences, and so on.
15. C__________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
16. The meaning of an u__________ is concrete and context dependent.
17. The I__________ Language family is the first and most widely investigated language family of the world.
18. A e__________ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct, or offensive wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.
19. S__________ is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.
20. There are occasions when one can think without l__________, just as one may speak without thinking.
II. 11.spoken 12.suprasegmental 13.root 14.Phrase 15.Componential 16.utterance 17.Indo-European 18.euphemism 19.Slang 20.language
Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for
true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
21. ( ) Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.
22. ( ) Stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more syllables can be said to have
word stress, and monosyllabic words can not be said to have word stress.
23. ( ) Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.
24. ( ) In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct
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