2011年春季北京海天新四级深度阅读讲义（丁雪明）

lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic (北极的) snow were declining.

In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasoline and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (区分) the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.

In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline.

Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period. The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.

Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem (生态系统) respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.

21. The study published in the journal Nature indicates that_________. A) the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired results B) lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase C) lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expected

D) the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow

22. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in

US_______.

A) was discouraged B) was enforced by law C) was prohibited by law D) was introduced

23. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland? A) By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio. B) By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.

C) By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America.

D) By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.

24. The authors of the Ambio study have found that________. A) forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected

B) lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with C) lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the US

D) the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions

25. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists________. A) are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution B) feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline C) still consider lead pollution a problem

D) lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution

Passage Twenty-Two

Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term maintenance of body weight. Unfortunately, that message has not gotten through to the average American, who would rather try switching to ―light‖ beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion. The Centers for Disease Control, for example, found that fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults who were trying to shed pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet.

In rejecting exercise, some people may be discouraged too much by caloric-expenditure charts: for example, one would have to briskly walk three miles just to work off the 275 calories in one delicious Danish pastry (小甜饼). Even exercise professionals concede half a point here. ―Exercise by itself is a very tough way to lose weight,‖ says York Onnen, program director of the President‘s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports.

Still, exercise‘s supporting role in weight reduction is vital. A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed that those who dieted without exercise regained almost all their old weight, while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight.

If you have been sedentary (极少活动的) and decide to start walking one mile a day, the added exercise could burn an extra 100 calories daily. In a year‘s time, assuming no increase in food intake, you could lose ten pounds. By increasing the distance of your walks gradually and making other dietary adjustments, you may lose even more weight.

26. What is said about the average American in the passage?

A) They tend to exaggerate the healthful effect of ―light‖ beer. B) They usually ignore the effect of exercise on losing weight.

C) They prefer ―light‖ beer and low-calorie bread to other drinks and food. D) They know the factors that play a positive role in keeping down body weight.

27. Some people dislike exercise because________. A) they think it is physically exhausting

B) they find it hard to exercise while on a diet

C) they don‘t think it possible to walk 3 miles every day

D) they find consulting caloric-expenditure charts troublesome

28. ―Even exercise professionals concede half a point here‖ (Line 3, Para. 2) means

―They______.

A) agree that the calories in a small piece of pastry can be difficult to work off by

exercise

B) partially believe diet plays a supporting role in weight reduction

C) are not fully convinced that dieting can help maintain one‘s new weight D) are not sufficiently informed of the positive role of exercise in losing weight

29. What was confirmed by the Boston University Medical Center‘s study? A) Controlling one‘s calorie intake is more important than doing exercise. B) Even occasional exercise can help reduce weight. C) Weight reduction is impossible without exercise.

D) One could lose ten pounds in a year‘s time if there‘s no increase in food intake.

30. What is the author‘s purpose in writing this article?

A) To justify the study of the Boston University Medical Center. B) To stress the importance of maintaining proper weight. C) To support the statement made by York Onnen. D) To show the most effective way to lose weight.

Passage Twenty-Three

要求：这是一篇有关石油能源与石油业发展的论说文。考生要精读之。

Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保护区) (ANWR) to help secure America‘s energy future? President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping ANWR‘s oil would help ease California‘s electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the country‘s energy independence. But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth, with the last government survey, conducted in 1998, projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels.

The oil industry goes with the high end of the range, which could equal as much as 10% of U.S. consumption for as long as six years. By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the reserve for the next two three decades, lobbyists claim, the nation could cut back on imports equivalent to all shipments to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia. Sounds good. An oil boom would also mean a multibillion-dollar windfall (意外之财) in tax revenues, royalties (开采权使用费) and leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government. Best of all, advocates of drilling say, damage to the environment would be insignificant. ―We‘ve never had a document case of oil rig chasing deer out onto the pack ice.‖ Says Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan.

Not so far, say environmentalists. Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America‘s energy problems. And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits, because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases, environmental permits and regulatory review. As for ANWR‘s impact on the California power crisis, environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1% of the Golden State‘s electricity output and just 3% of the nation‘s.

21. What does President Bush think of tapping oil in ANWR? A) It will exhaust the nation‘s oil reserves. B) It will help secure the future of ANWR. C) It will help reduce the nation‘s oil imports. D) It will increase America‘s energy consumption.

22. We learn from the second paragraph that the American oil industry_________. A) believes that drilling for oil in ANWR will produce high yields B) tends to exaggerate America‘s reliance on foreign oil C) shows little interest in tapping oil in ANWR D) expects to stop oil imports from Saudi Arabia

23. Those against oil drilling in ANWR argue that________. A) it can cause serious damage to the environment B) it can do little to solve U.S. energy problems

C) it will drain the oil reserves in the Alaskan region D) it will not have much commercial value

24. What do the environmentalists mean by saying ―Not so far‖ (Line 1, Para. 3) ? A) Oil exploitation takes a long time. B) The oil drilling should be delayed. C) Don‘t be too optimistic. D) Don‘t expect fast returns.

25. It can be learned from the passage that oil exploitation beneath ANWR‘s frozen earth_______.

A) remains a controversial issue B) is expected to get under way soon

C) involves a lot of technological problems D) will enable the U.S. to be oil independent

Passage Twenty-Four

―Tear ? em apart!‖ ―Kill the fool!‖ ―Murder the referee (裁判)!‖

These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. But let‘s not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real blood-shed. Volumes have been written about the way words affect us. It has been shown that words having certain connotations (含义) may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I see the term ―opponent‖ as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it form sports terms.

The dictionary meaning of the term ―opponent‖ is ―adversary‖; ―enemy‖; ―one who opposes your interests.‖ Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one‘s intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball