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unprecedented opportunities to monitor and manage their own fitness; in the future, we’re promised, technology and genomics (基因组学) will combine to change the patient’s experience. As major projects like UK government’s 100,000 Genomes Project gear up to provide the fundamental medical science this future will need, what differences will this new era of personalised healthcare deliver—a medicine for our ills, or a Pandora’s Box? And are we—and our health services—ready for it?
70. All of the following are very likely to be invited to the debate advertised above EXCEPT _____. A. doctors B. biologists C. engineers D. accountants 71. What is the topic of the debate?
A. The reason why reading our genes won’t be as expensive as it is now. B. The changes that personlised healthcare may bring about. C. How health apps will become in the future.
D. How society responds to technology development.
72. Which of the following statements is true according the advertisement? A. Reading people’s genes will soon be as easy as taking a beach holiday.
B. Handheld electronics play a very important part in the development of medicine. C. It’s not certain whether this new era of healthcare will do us good or not.
D. Scientists and health services are well prepared for the changes that may happen.
(C)
In 1851, Auguste Comte, the French philosopher and father of sociology, coined the new word altruism as part of a drive to create a non-religious religion based on scientific principles.He defined it as “intentional action for the welfare of others that involves at least the possibility of either no benefit or a loss to the actor”. At that time, studies of animal behavior and phrenology (颅相学) led him to locate egotistical (自我本位的) instincts at the back of the brain, altruistic ones at the front. Today, we have a far more sophisticated knowledge of the neurological (神经学的) and biochemical factors that underpin kind behavior. And this science forms the bases of two books aimed at general readers—but also at those who, despite the research, still doubt the existence of altruism.
However, the books may end up providing more information for the naysayers. Take The Altruistic Brain by neuroscientist Donald Pfaff. On solid scientific ground, he builds a five-step theory of how altruism occurs, which depends on an idea that is unconvincing and may achieve the opposite result. Pfaff argues that to act altruistically you should first visualize the receiver of your good will, then mentally transform their image into your own, “from angle to angle and curve to curve”. Does it really work? At the core of evolutionary biologist David Sloan Wilson’s Does Altruism Exist? is another contentious (有争议的) idea: altruism has evolved as the result of group selection. But Wilson argues his corner masterfully, providing a clever reply to the belief that natural selection occurs only at the level of the selfish gene: “Selfishness beats altruism within groups. Altruistic groups beat selfish groups,” he says. In other words, we cooperate when doing so gives our team the advantage. That doesn’t sound very selfless either. Wilson acknowledges this, but argues that thoughts and feelings are less important than actions.
According to evolutionary theory, pure altruists do exist, but it doesn’t matter why people choose to help others—their reasons may be difficult even for themselves to understand. What matters is that humans can coordinate their activities in just the right way to achieve common goals. Other animals do this too, but we are masters. “Teamwork is the signature adaptation of our species,” he says. Pfaff goes further, insisting that our brain biology “urges us to be kind”. He believes this knowledge alone will inspire individuals to be more altruistic. His desire to create a better world is admirable and some of his ideas are interesting, but Wilson’s analysis is clearer. While it is in our nature to be altruistic, Wilson says, we also have a healthy regard for self-interest and a resistance to being pushed around. Which one comes to the fore depends on the environment in which we find ourselves. Ethics, he says, cannot be taught at individual level, but are “a property of the whole system”.
73. Which of the following can be considered an altruistic behaviour according to Comte’s definition? A. A person offers to donate his liver to another who needs one.
B. A clerk returns the umbrella to his colleague which he has kept for a long time . C. A student volunteers to work in the orphanage to collect data for his research.
D. A police officer spots a car parking in the no-parking area, finding a child in the trunk. 74. The word “naysayers” (in paragraph 4) most probably means _____. A. people who take a positive attitude B. people who doubts something C. people who have no say in an area D. people who are experts in an area 75. What does Donald Pfaff think people should do in order to altruistically? A. Draw a picture of the person they are going to help. B. Transform the receiver into a kind person.
C. Visualize what they are going to do in mind first. D. Imagine they themselves are to be helped.
76. Which of the following statements is David Sloan most likely to agree with in his book? A. Being kind is not something people are born with. B. People in groups are less likely to be selfish.
C. People may well act selflessly because of where they are. D. Most people know clearly why they are ready to help others.
77. What can be concluded from the passage?
A. Figuring out what makes us behave selflessly is a tricky business.
B. Unlike Donald Pfaff’s book, David Sloan’s book aims at professional readers. C. Comte’s definition of altruism proves to be impractical in modern times. D. Both Donald Pfaff and David Sloan lay emphasis on team work.
Section D (8分)
Ellie is a psychologist, and a good one at that. Smile in a certain way, and she knows precisely what your smile means. She listens to what you say, processes every word, works out the meaning of your pitch, your tone, your posture, everything. She is at the top of her game but, according to a new study, her greatest advantage is that she is not human.
When faced with tough or potentially embarrassing questions, people often do not tell doctors what they need to hear. Yet the researchers behind Ellie, led by Jonathan Gratch at the Institute for Creative
Technologies, in Los Angeles, suspected from their years of monitoring human interactions with computers that people might be more willing to talk if presented with an avatar, that is, a virtual figure. To test this idea, they put 239 people in front of Ellie to have a chat with her about their lives. Half were told (truthfully) they would be interacting with an artificially intelligent virtual human (AIVH); the others were told (falsely) that Ellie was a bit like a puppet, and was having her strings pulled remotely by a person.
Designed to search for psychological problems, Ellie worked with each participant in the study in the same manner. She started every interview with ice-breaking questions, such as, “Where are you from?” She followed these with more clinical ones, like, “How easy is it for you to get a good night’s sleep?” She finished with questions intended to lighten the participant’s mood, for instance, “What are you most proud of?”
Dr Gratch and his colleagues report that, though every participant interacted with the same avatar, their experiences differed markedly based on what they believed they were dealing with. Those who thought Ellie was under the control of a human operator reported greater fear of disclosing personal information, and said they managed more carefully what they expressed during the session, than did those who believed they were simply interacting with a computer.
This quality of encouraging openness and honesty, Dr Gratch believes, will be of particular value in assessing the psychological problems of soldiers—a view shared by America’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency, which is helping to pay for the project.
Soldiers value being tough, and many avoid seeing psychologists at all costs. That means conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which military men and women particularly suffer, often get dangerous before they are caught. Ellie could change things for the better by secretly informing soldiers with PTSD that she feels they could be a risk to themselves and others, and advising them about how to seek treatment.
(Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.) 78. According to the passage, Ellie is actually a(n)
avatar / virtual figure / virtual psychologist / virtual human. 79. The experiment with 239 people proves that people are more open and honest with an AIVH. 80. During the chat, soon after some ice-breaking questions, Ellie asked interviewees other questions in order to find out what was wrong with them.
81. Why is Dr. Gratch’s research valuable for soldiers in particular? Soldiers avoid seeing psychologists.
第Ⅱ卷
I. Translation(22分)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1. 人们普遍认为颐和园是北京最美丽的公园之一。(recognize)
The Summer Palace is recognized as one of the most beautiful parks in Beijing.
2. 每学期最初的一星期往往用来让学生熟悉学校生活。(be meant)
The first week of the semester is meant to get students familiar with their school life.
3. 昨天早晨Tom在客厅看到的那个人原来是他的阿姨。(prove)
The person who Tom saw in the living room yesterday morning proved to be his aunt.
4. 小组成员们需要完成不同的任务，而他们三个主要负责收集资料。(devote)
The group members need to complete different tasks, and the three of them are devoted to collecting 1 1 1 1 1 materials
5. 医生建议我不要吃止痛片，即便这有助于缓解疼痛。(ease)
The doctor suggests that I not take any pain-killer, even if it may ease me from the pain. 1 1.5 1 1.5
II. Guided Writing(25分)
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你校要求各个高三各个班级在开学初组织一次主题班会，你是班长，用英语写一份计划告诉老师你们班级活动的主题和内容等，计划包括以下内容：
1. 班会召开的时间。
2. 班会的主题与为什么选择这个主题。 3. 班会的主要议程。
2015-2016学年度第一学期11校联考高三英语试卷参考答案 1-10: 10分(每题1分) 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. A 11-16:12分(每题2分) 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. D 16. B 17-24: 8分(每题1分) 17. Electricity 18. singles 19. October 20. transfer 21. Education 22. most successful creature 23. (incredibly) adaptable 24. their body chemistry
25-40: 16分(每题1分) 25. the 26. was saved 27. being driven 28. to find 29. Even if 30. that 31. both 32. was 33. in 34. carrying 35. Made 36. cost 37. could 38. later 39. as if 40. which
41-50: 10分(每题1分) 41~45 KHIJG 46~50 CADBE 51-65: 15分(每题1分) 51~55 DDCBA 56~60 BACAD 61~65 BACBD 66-77: 24分(每题2分) 66~69 CBAA 70~72 DBC 73~77 ABDCA
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