国际贸易术语 2010

same service twice:

因此，Incoterms?规则 2010已经在买家和卖家间分配了义务，在与安全有关的清关获得或者提供帮助，例如在多种多样的国际贸易术语中A2/B2和A10/B10的监管链相关信息

8. 终点站操作费

在国际贸易术语CPT，CIP，CIF，DAT，DAP和DDP项下，卖家必须做好安排使货物到达指定目的地。虽然运费是由卖方支付的，但因为运费一般被卖方包含在销售价格中所以实际上运费是由买方支付的。货运费有时包括港口或集装箱码头内的理货和运输费用

承运人和终点站运营方也可能向收到货物的买家收取这笔费用。在这种情况下，买家会想要避免对同一服务重复付费：

once to the seller as part of the total selling price and once independently to the carrier or the terminal operator. The Incoterms? 2010 rules seek to avoid this happening by clearly allocating such costs in articles A6/B6 of the relevant Incoterms rules.

9. String sales

In the sale of commodities, as opposed to the sale of manufactured goods, cargo is frequently sold several times during transit ―down a string‖ when this happens, a seller in the middle of the string don’t have to ship the goods

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because these have already been shipped by the first seller in the string. The seller in the middle of the string therefore performs its obligations towards its buyer not by shipping the goods, but by ―procuring‖ goods that have been shipped. For clarification purposes, Incoterms? 2010 rules include the obligation to ―procure goods shipped‖ as an alternative to the obligation to ship goods in the relevant Incoterms rules.

一次付给卖家作为销售价格中的一部分，一次单独地付给承运人或者终点站运营方。Incoterms?规则2010在相关国际贸易术解释规则的A6/B6条款明确的分配此项费用，力求避免重复付费。

9. 连环合同

与工业制成品的销售不同，在农矿产品的销售中，货物经常在沿销售链运转过程中被频繁销售多次。这种情况下，在运输中的卖家不用再运输货物，因为货物已被第一个卖家装船运输了。中途的卖方通过接收货物而非运输货物向买方履行义务。为明确起见，Incoterms? 规则2010在相关规定中把提取已经运输的商品的义务作为运输商品义务的替换。

RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPORT

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Variants of Incoterms rules

Sometimes the parties want to alter an Incoterms rules. The Incoterms 2010 rules do not prohibit such alteration, but there are dangers in so doing. In order to avoid any unwelcome surprises, the parties would need to make the intended effect of such alterations extremely clear in their contract. Thus, for example, if the allocation of costs in the Incoterms 2010 rules is altered in the contract, the parties should also clearly state whether they intend to vary the point at which the risk passes from seller to buyer.

Status of this introduction

This introduction gives general information on the use and interpretation of the Incoterms 2010 rules, but does not form part of those rules.

Explanation of terms used in the Incoterms 2010 rules 运输方式的规则

国际贸易术语解释通则的变体

贸易各方有时因各自需要意图修改某一国际贸易术语规则的适用。《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》并不禁止这种修改，但是这样做会带来一定的危险。因此双方都应当在合同中明确表明修改意欲达到的效果以避免不愉快的分歧。譬如，假设合同改变了Incoterms规则中费用的分配，那么合同各方亦应当明确声明是否改变风险（从卖方到买方）转移的临界点。

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本导言的功能地位

本导言只是对《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》的用途和解释的概括提示，并不是这些的组成部分。

对《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》中术语的解释

As in the incoterms rules, the seller’s and buyer’s obligations are presented in mirror fashion, reflecting under column A the seller’s obligations and under column B the buyer’s obligations. These obligations can be carried out personally by the seller or the buyer or sometimes, subject to terms in the contract or the applicable law, through intermediaries such as carriers, freight forwarders or other persons nominated by the seller or the buyer for a specific purpose.

The text of the Incoterms 2010 rules is meant to be self-explanatory. However, in order to assist users the following text sets out guidance as to the sense in which selected terms are used throughout the document.

Carrier: For the purposes of the Incoterms 2010 rules, the carrier is the party with whom carriage is contracted.

正如《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》中所述，买方和卖方的共同义务是以对应方式呈现的，也就是说，既能反映出A栏中的买方义务，又能反映出B栏中的卖方义务。这些义务可以由买方或者卖方亲自履行，有时抑或受制于合同或者适用法律中的个别条款的规定，由诸如承运人、转运代理人等中介组织，或者其他由买方或者卖方为了特定目的而委任的人来履行。

《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》正文中条文解析明了。但出于引导辅助（使用者）理解的考虑，编者还是占用了以下篇幅对从《规则》中选取的几个术语进行

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