《最新英美概况》练习参考答案（英国部分）(1)

IV Answer the following questions. 1. Between 55 and 54 BC.

2. The invasion of British Isles.

3. Firstly, the resistance of the British people was strong. Secondly, Roman troops were often withdrawn from Britain to fight in other parts of the Roman Empire. 4. 400 years.

5. The Romans also made good use of Britain’s natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturing pottery, etc.

P. 104

I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions. 1. The Jutes, Saxons and Angles

2. English

3. Mercia, Offa’s Dyke

4. St. Augustine

5. Archbishop of Canterbury

II Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. 1. A 2. C 3. B

III Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:

1. T 2. F 3.T 4. T

IV Answer the following questions.

1. The seven kingdoms are: Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and North Umbria.

2. The names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from the names of the gods of Anglo-Saxons’ Teutonic religion: Tiu, the god of war, Wooden, king of heaven, Thor, the god of storms, and Freya, goddess of peace.

3. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system in use up to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system. Finally, they created the Witan to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.

P. 106-107

I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions. 1. Edward

2. William the Conqueror

3. William (此题印刷有错，需把句子中的William删掉)

II Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. 1. B 2. D 3. A

III Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:

1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T

IV Answer the following question

1. Edward was called Edward the Confessor as he was a very religious man and

would often go to church and confess to sins. The title \also distinguished this Edward from Edward the Martyr (c962-979). Edward was later

made a saint, due to his building of Westminster Abbey and efforts in other churches.

2. The Norman Conquest replaced the loosely organized Anglo-Saxon kingdom

with a feudal system based on land ownership by a hereditary aristocracy that owed its position - and therefore lands and loyalty - to a strong central authority with a hereditary succession. In addition, there were other changes such as in English emigration and Norman immigration, women’s rights, language, etc.

3. There are four. They were the King of Norway, the Duke of Normandy, and two

brothers of Edward’s Queen, named Edith, and Harold Godwinson.

P. 110-111

I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions. 1. an English charter

2. 1337, 1453

3. territorial, economic 4. 1348 - 1350

II Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C

III Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:

1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T

IV Answer the following questions.

1. Feudalism in England was established by William the Conqueror and the Normans following the defeat of the English Anglo Saxons at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. 2. Magna Carta is an English charter, originally issued by King John of England at Runnymede in the English county of Surrey under compulsion from the church and his barons on 15 June 1215. The charter was reissued later for several times in modified versions which omitted certain temporary provisions, including the most direct challenges to the monarch's authority, which had a huge influence on the developing legal system of England.

3. The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France and their various allies for control of the French throne. It was the result of a dynastic disagreement dating back to William the Conqueror who became King of England in 1066, while remaining Duke of Normandy. As dukes of Normandy and other lands on the continent, the English kings owed homage to the King of France. In 1337 Edward III of England refused to pay homage to Philip VI of France, leading the French king to claim confiscation of Edward's lands in Aquitaine.

4. The war was in fact a series of separate wars and is commonly divided into three phases. First, the English won a great naval victory at Sluys in 1340, then an equally decisive land battle near Calais at Crecy in 1346. Then the English

went on to take Calais; and in 1356 at Poitiers they won another victory over the French King who was taken prisoner and held to ransom.

5. The Black Death was one of the most devastating epidemic diseases in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1349, and killing nearly half of Europe’s population. Additionally, The Black Death is thought to have started in Asia. It then travelled along the Silk Road and reached the Crimea by 1346. From there, it was probably carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. All in all, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million to a number between 350 and 375 million in the 14th century. Moreover, the impact of the Black Death upon the future of England was greater than upon any other European country. The Black Death has been seen as creating a series of religious, social and economic upheavals which changed the face of the English society in a profound way.

P. 115

I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.

1. 1642-1646, 1647-1649 2. Puritan Revolution

3. overthrew, foundation, beginning 4. the Glorious Revolution of 1688 5. The Bill of Rights

II Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. A

III Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:

1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F P. 118

I Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. C

II Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:

1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T

III Answer the following questions.

1. The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes

that occurred in the period from about 1760 to some time between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power and development of machine tools. The transition also included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal. The Industrial revolution began in England and within a few decades spread to Western Europe and the United States. 2. The accumulation of capital; the development of capitalist farming; the appearance of a labour reserve; and the expansion of markets, domestic and foreign.

3. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. Within a short period the Industrial Revolution took over all industries in Britain and replaced other systems of production. And it improves the living standards. Much of the laboring population, previously largely employed in agriculture, moved to the industrial towns and cities, where they were housed and employed in often miserable and squalid conditions. And etc. 4. The industrial revolution was a period in Britain from mid-1700s to the

mid-1800s in which power-driven machines in factories replaced manual labor. The industrial revolution resulted from advances in applied science and engineering, such as the development of steam engines (especially those of the inventor James Watt). Much of the laboring population, previously largely employed in agriculture, moved to the industrial towns and cities, where they were housed and employed in miserable conditions.

5. The causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution are complicated and remain

a topic for debate. The reference answer is as follows: Causes:

-Iron renovations: stronger, better quality iron

-Labor surplus—more jobs, more people to do jobs

-Stable agricultural society—the agricultural revolution improved food supply and quality; created a strong base for industrialization

-High food supply—stated above; more farmland + more transportation = more crops

-Ready capital—constant supply of money -Population growth—due to food supply

-Government allowed fencing off lands—peasants now needed work after being kicked off private farmland

-Entrepreneurs—people wanted to make money through new ways and opportunities

-Plentiful natural resources—rivers = water power for steam engine and transportation, iron ore and coal = fuel

-Relatively free society—government usually exhibited laissez faire (let people do what they want), economy regulated itself, ideas circulated freely -Ready market—ships could deliver and transport

-Stable government—strong central government to support the people Effects:

-Better transportation—faster, cheaper

-Long distance communications—telegraphs, etc. linked nations from coast to coast

-Money to be made—capitalism: investments, inventing, selling, producing -Bad working conditions—disease, deformations, long, hard hours -Child abuse

-New inventions—locomotives (railroads), purer iron, factories, spinning jenny, steam engines, steamboats...etc