第十二章+特殊句式

第十二章 特殊句式

第一部分：知识梳理 知识清单一：倒装句 1. 完全倒装

把整个谓语部分置于主语之前

①now, then, here, there等副词置于句首，谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run, stand, appear, exist, remain等，使用全部倒装，但主语必须是名词。如果主语是代词则不倒装。 e.g. Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。 Here comes the bus. 车来了。 Here he comes. 他来了。（不倒装）

②表示方位或位置转移的词，如：out, in, away, up, down, off, on, high, low 等，主语是代词不倒装。

e.g. Out came the representatives. 代表们出来了。 Away runs the dog.小狗跑了。 ③地点状语放在句首时，用全部倒装。（主语为代词不倒装） e.g. North of the city lies the school. 那所学校坐落在城市的北部。 On the top of the hill stands a temple.上顶上有座塔。

In front of the house sat a small boy. 有个小男孩坐在屋前。

④有时候为了强调表语，将其置于句首，使用全部倒装，结构为：“表语＋系动词＋主语”

a. 形容词＋系动词＋主语

Present at the meeting were Thomas Johnson. Thomas Johnson出席了会议。 b. 过去分词＋系动词＋主语

Gone forever are the days when we had not enough food to eat. 我们吃不饱的日子一去不复返了。 c. 介词短语＋系动词＋主语

Around the garden are some small trees and a short fence. 花园周围有很多小树和低矮的篱笆。

⑤直接引语放在句首，这种情况可倒装，也可不倒装，但主语若是代词时，不倒装。 e.g.“Either you or I am mad” said Mr. Johnson. (Mr. Johnson said \\ he said.) Johnson先生说到不是你就是我疯了。 2. 部分倒装

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如be动词，助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。 ①在疑问句中，疑问词不作主语时，必须倒装。

e.g. How do you go to school every day? 你每天怎么去学校？

②句首为否定，半否定词或词语时，如 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, by no means, no sooner, not until 等时，部分倒装。

e.g. By no means is smoking allowed in the classroom.教室内决不允许吸烟。

Never in my life have I seen such a terrible accident.我一生中从未见过如此可怕的事故。 ③not only? but also用来连接两个并列的句子且 not only放在句首时，not only引导的句子要倒装，but also的句子不倒装。

e.g. Not only can he speak English, but also he can speak French. 他不仅会说英语，还会说法语。

Not only the students but also all the teachers took part in the sports meeting. 所有的学生和老师都参加了运动会。（不倒装）

④only用来修饰状语放在句首时，用倒装（从句不倒装，only不是修饰状语也不倒装） e.g. Only in this way can you achieve your dream.只有这样你才能实现梦想。 Only he knows the truth. 只有他知道事实。（不倒装）

⑤so 用在句首，表示一种肯定的事实也适合于另一个人，neither 或nor放在句首，表示一种

否定的事实也适合于另一个人时，用全部倒装。

e.g. He likes swimming, so do I. 他喜欢游泳，我也喜欢。

We don’t like the film, nor do they. 我们不喜欢这部电影，他们也不喜欢。

注意：若主语指同一人同一事物时，即单纯重复上文的意思或对上文加以证实时，用正常

语序。

--He is honest. --So he is. –他很诚实。--他的确是这样的。 若表示按照某人所说的去做，常把so放在句末。 The doctor asked him to breathe deeply, and he did so. 大夫让他深呼吸，他照着做了。

⑥虚拟语气中，把从句if省略，将were, had或should置于主语之前，构成部分倒装． e.g. Had I not been for the traffic jam, I should have already been here. Were I ten years younger, I would learn playing the piano. Should it rain, the journey would be more unpleasant.

⑦as引导的让步状语从句须将表语或状语提前，若谓语动词是助动词或情态动词加实义动词，也可以将实义动词前置。

e.g. President as he is, he lives a simple life. 虽然他是总统，但是他过着简朴的生活。 Perfectly as Hellen Keller had done the job, Annie didn’t give any praise.

虽然Hellen Keller出色地完成了工作，但是Annie没有给她任何的夸奖。 Try as he might, he still failed in the exam.

虽然他也许努力了，但是他还是没有通过考试。

⑧引导结果状语从句的“so…that”或“such…that”置于句首时，主句部分倒装，that 从句不倒装。

e.g. So easy is the exercise that a child can work it out. 练习太简单了以至于连小孩都能做出来。

Such a kind man does he look that we all like him. 他是如此善良的一个人以至于大家都喜欢他。

⑨某些表示祝愿的句子中，谓语动词或谓语的一部分放在主语的前面。 e.g. Long live the People’s Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁！ May you succeed!祝你成功！

知识清单二：感叹句 1. 以what引导的感叹句

What + a/an + adj. +单数可数名词+主语+谓语! What + adj. + 复数名词 +主语+谓语!

What + adj. + 不可数名词 +主语+谓语！ 即What + 带有修饰成分的名词 +主语+谓语！ 用法类似于such

e.g. What a simple question you asked! 你问了个多简单的问题啊！ What lovely children they are! 他们是多可爱的孩子啊！ What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！ 2. 以how引导的感叹句

How + adj./adv. +主语+谓语!

How + adj. + a/an + 单数可数名词 +主语+谓语!? 可以改写成what引导的感叹句 用法类似于so

e.g. How cold it is today! 今天太冷啦！ How hard he studies! 他学习多努力啊！

How interesting a story it is! 多有意思的故事啊！ = What an interesting story it is! 3. 陈述句、祈使句的感叹句

助动词( do/does/did)+动词原形

e.g. Stay with us!? Do stay with us！和我们呆在一起！

She likes this horse.? She does like this horse. 她真的很喜欢这匹马！

Please take care of yourself. ? Please do take care of yourself.请好好照顾自己！ I did my homework last night.? I did do my homework last night.

我昨天晚上真写作业了！ 知识清单三：反义疑问句

1. 肯定、否定的选择前肯后否；前否后肯

如果句中含有下列词语，则该句子为否定句，反义疑问句应该是肯定形式。

not, no, never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, rarely, few, little, nothing, nobody, no one, neither e.g. He can hardly swim, can he?他几乎不会游泳，是不是？

注意：句中含带有否定前缀或后缀的词，不影响该句的肯否定形式。 e.g. It’s useless, isn’t it? 这是没有用的，对不对？ 2. 一些特殊句式的反义疑问句

I am… I wish… Let’s… Let us… Let me/ him/them 祈使句 used to do ought to have (有)；have to have(不表有) had better need/dare 实义动词 must 必须

aren’t I may I shall we will you will you will you usedn’t/didn’t oughtn’t shouldn’t do/have do should/had do needn’t I’m your friend, aren’t I? I wish I were a scientist, may I? Let’s go for a walk, shall we? Let us be good friends, will you? Let me do it, will you? Come here this evening, will you? He used to be a famous writer, didn’t he?/ usedn’t he? He ought to be praised for what he has done, oughtn’t/shouldn’t he? John has two sisters, doesn’t/hasn’t he? We have to leave now, don’t/ haven’t we? They had a good time, didn’t they? We had better stay here, shouldn’t/ hadn’t we? He needs money, doesn’t he? I’ve never dared to ask her, have I? We must finish it today, needn’t we?

3. 反义疑问句与陈述部分主语不一致的情况

this，that anything, something, nothing, everything 不定式、动名词、从句、词组 Some/None of it This/That is your sister, isn’t it？ Everything seems all right, doesn’t it？ Nothing is serious, is it? To learn English well isn’t easy, is it? What he said was true, wasn’t it? it/ they they Some of the boys have come back, haven’t they? None of the food was delicious, was it? These/Those are not birds, are they? Everyone knows this, don’t they/ doesn’t he? Nobody saw him, did he? No one came, did they? Each of the boys has an apple, doesn’t he/ don’t they? One can’t be always young, can one/he? The poor had no right to speak then, did they? Both Tom and Mike left, didn’t they? Neither I nor you are right, are we? these/those anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, everyone, nobody, no one, none(人), neither, either he/they one the +adj. 表示一类人 由both…and, either…or, not only…but (also), or, neither… nor, and 等并列的并列主语 4. 情态动词表推测的反义疑问句 must be can’t be must have done can’t have done couldn’t have done one/he 复数 代词 isn’t/aren’t is/are didn’t/ wasn’t /weren’t hasn’t/ haven’t did/ was/ were/ has/ have 5. 含有宾语从句的复合句的反义疑问 ①当主句主语为第一人称时：( I think…; I believe…) 反义疑问句应针对从句 e.g. I think it’s hot here, isn’t it?

②当主句主语为第二三人称时：( He believes…) 反义疑问句应针对主句 e.g. He thinks it’s hot here, doesn’t he?

③当句中已经出现否定转移时，反义疑问句的人称代词、助动词（或系动词或情态动词）、肯定（或否定）形式均与从句一致 e.g. I don’t think he is right, is he?

I don’t believe he can do it, can he？ 知识清单四：强调句