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外文翻译二：

外文原文二出处：Journal of Structural Engineering 2006 vol.132 no.12 p.1880-1889

优化结构的方法：框架评估

Qian Wang; S.M.ASCE; Jasbir S. Arora;

摘要：基于同步分析和设计的概念，框架结构最佳设计是在这两者基础上来评价和体现的。不同的变量，如位移，

构件的受力，也同样认为是最佳的变量，除了问题出现在现实中的设计变量。正是由于这些变量，在优化设计中，平衡方程变成约束优化设计的问题。于是，目标和各项约束变的更加明确，清楚。因此, 与其有关的系数可以很容易的与传统的计算方法相比较，而特别设计的敏感性分析程序，则必须用来计算与变量有关的参数。现在，由于变量系数并未形成或者没有别发现可以确定下来，所以也可以用现有的分析软件来更容易分析优化方法。因为灵敏度方程 没有形成或没有解决的. 一个连续开发的二次方案设计是用来解决问题的样本和评估的。现在这个设计程序若是继续开发下去，它很有可能解释这些变量。同时也要讨论这个方法的有利与不利的两面效应。最后可以得出一个结论，这项有序的工作，对框架的优化设计来说是非常好的。并且有着巨大潜力的发展前景。

关键词：模拟；优化；外框架结构；电算设计；框架

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外文原文二：

Alternative Formulations for Structural Optimization: An Evaluation Using Frames

Qian Wang; S.M.ASCE; Jasbir S. Arora;

Abstract：Two alternative formulations based on the concept of simultaneous analysis and design are presented and evaluated for optimal design of framed structures. Different behavior variables, such as nodal displacements and member forces, are also treated as optimization variables in addition to the actual design variables for the problem. With these formulations, the equilibrium equations become equality constraints in the optimization process. The objective and all constraints become explicit functions of the optimization variables. Therefore, their derivatives can be obtained quite easily compared to those for the conventional approach where special design sensitivity analysis procedures must be used to calculate derivatives. It is also easier to use existing analysis software for optimization with the alternative formulations because the sensitivity equations are not formed or solved. A sequential quadratic programming method that exploits sparsity of problem functions is used to solve sample problems and evaluate the formulations. Implementation of the alternative formulations with an existing analysis program is explained. Advantages and disadvantages of the formulations are discussed. It is concluded that the alternative formulations work quite well for optimization of framed structures and have potential for further development.

Keywords：Simulation; Optimization; Framed structures; Computer programming; Frames;

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