（学生用）《大学英语翻译基础》 讲稿

when, in order that, whatever, so 及so that等词明确地表示出来。

在汉语中，通过句子之间的内部逻辑关系可以表达英语中那些连接词所表达的意思。 Some examples:

I can’t trust him, because he is not honest. 他不老实，我不能信任他。

The monks may run away, but the temple cannot run away. 跑了和尚，跑不了庙。

If you are dead, I will be a monk. 你死了， 我就做和尚。（《红楼梦》） Two versions of translation:

It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peace time fall. 例：翻译的形合和意合 那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，对于那些在和平时期的秋天树叶再度转黄之前将要失去青春、有的要失去生命的人们是一个动人的送别。

那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，动人的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到站后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的失去了生命。

五、Cultural Difference

1. Definition of culture

文化是一个复杂的综合，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗及一个人以社会一员的资格所获得的其它一切能力、习惯。

Culture: the customs, beliefs, art, music, and all the other products of human thought made by a particular group of people at a particular time Two more phrases of culture Culture gap: difference in culture

Culture shock: the shock of experiencing a different and unfamiliar culture

2. 英汉颜色词语及其内涵意义的对比

英汉语中某些颜色的词语，在平时的运用中其客观色彩意义已经淡化，而常用来表示不同的喻义。我们应当注意这类英汉词语的异同之外，还应注意这类颜色词不能直译，所以当我们使用这些词汇时，应特别留意其涵义及翻译，才能达到正确动用之目的。

white

1）英语中的―white‖其涵义可表示纯洁、美好、善意、合法、公平、幸福、轻轻的、政治上反动等，如：

a white lie white coffee white list white room white hope white wedding white man white magic days marked with a white stone An exception: a white elephant

2) 汉语中的―白色‖其涵义表示清楚、明白、陈述、纯净、无代价的、无效的、政治上反动的等。

真相大白 白吃 白痴 表白 白丁 白眼 不分皂白 白给

3、英汉动物词文化联想意义对比分析

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1） 语义重合：英汉动物词联想意义的共鸣

You ass! You stupid ass! How could you do a thing like that? Phrase: make an ass of sb. eat like a pig

make a pig of oneself pigs in clover

buy a pig in a poke

2） 语义错位：英汉动物词联想意义的表同质异，表异质同

3） 语义空缺：英汉动物词联想意义的民族性

back the wrong horse change horse from the horse’s mouth Never swap horses while crossing the stream Put the cart before the horse work for a dead horse

You may take a horse to the water, but you can’t make him drink horse doctor horse laugh

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第二章 翻译的标准

翻译的定义（Concept of translation）

Translation is the process of rendering written language that was produced in one language (the source language) into another(the target language), or the target language version that results from this process.

翻译的种类（ Categories of translation）

就题材而言，翻译可分为文学翻译(literary translation)和实用翻译(pragmatic translation)。 根据工作方式，翻译包括口译(interpret)、笔译(translation)和全自动机器翻译(machine-aided translation)。

翻译的目的

一、 严复的三字标准

―信、达、雅‖ （Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance）

二、 泰特勒的三条基本原则标准

18世纪末，爱丁堡大学历史教授亚历山大·F·泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler，1947—1814年）在《论翻译的原则》（Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1791)一书中系统地提出了进行翻译和评判翻译的三条基本原则：

（1）A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. （2）The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. （3）A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.

三、 “功能对等”

“功能对等”（Functional Equivalence）翻译准则是由美国著名翻译家尤金.奈达（Eugene A . Nida）提出的。

四、 现行的四字标准

如今，大多数的翻译教程都采用“忠实、通顺”（faithfulness; smoothness）的四字标准。 1．Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money.

2．The president stand there, hat in hand, begging congress for their votes.

1．Pindus Road was a long, wide, straight street that ran parallel with Bread Road. 2. She not only laughs a lot but has a heart of gold.

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Exercises

1．Babies satisfactorily born. 2．You flatter me.

3．The market in China is an almost bottomless pit. 4．The lecturer carried his audience with him.

5．There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a French man. 6．John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 7．He is more experienced than to do such a thing.

8．In fact, it may be said that anything that is not an animal or a vegetable is a mineral.

9．It is advisable to consider bringing your own supply of water to ensure that you have immediate access to generous supply rather than the minute measures provided for you.

10．Airports, now the travel centers of the USA, are comfortable, hospitable places, with coffee shops and bars and spotless clean restrooms.

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