98指考详解三民版a - 图文

opportunities, not just their appearance. The NFW developed the project more than a decade ago to address the self-esteem problems that many girls experience when they enter adolescence. At school, boys often receive more encouragement in the classroom, especially in math, science and computer science, the academic fields that tend to lead to the highest salaries. Women receive on average only 73 cents for every dollar that men are paid, and remain vastly underrepresented in top executive positions and technology fields. TOD aims to give girls the confidence and inspiration they need to develop successful careers, particularly in non-traditional fields. Perhaps because the program had become so widespread and successful, TOD had been criticized for excluding boys, and it was expanded in 2003 to include boys. The program’s official website states that the program was changed in order to provide both boys and girls with opportunities to explore careers at an age when they are more flexible in terms of gender stereotyped roles. “We should also show boys that becoming a child care provider is as acceptable a choice as becoming a police officer or CEO,” added Sara K. Gould, executive director of the NFW. 2010年四月二時二日將是第十八屆「帶我們的女兒上班日」活動（簡稱TOD）的周年慶，該項計畫是針對美國婦女的一個國家基金會（簡稱NFW）所推動，活動的目的是讓女孩子接觸針對女性工作地點日益擴大的經驗。 這項計畫提供數百萬女孩子一手觀察許多未來可以獲得的職業的機會。既然女性比例佔美國勞動人口數的百分之四十六，女孩子能夠從每個職業領域中找到角色模範：從政治到原子生物到職業體育選手，你能說出來的都是。TOD活動鼓勵女孩要專注於自己的能力與機會，而不只是她們的外表。 NFW十多年前開始推動該計畫，發表了許多女孩在進入青春期後的自尊問題。在求學時期，男孩在教室中獲得較多的鼓勵，特別是數學、自然、和電腦，都是容易導向最高薪水待遇的學術領域。當男性賺得一元時，女性的平均收入是七毛三。而且依舊是在主管級位置和科技領域是大大低於適當比例。TOD的目的是給予女孩在發展成功的生涯職業時所需的信心和激勵，尤其是在非傳統的領域。 也許是該計畫已經很普遍且成功，TOD受到排擠男孩的批判，所以在2003年擴大辦理把男孩納入計畫中。該計畫的官方網站指出它之所以改變是因為要提供男孩女孩有相同的機會在他們對於性別制式角色概念較有彈性的某個年齡去探索生涯職業。NFW的執行長Sara K. Gould說：「我們也要讓男孩知道成為照顧小孩的人和擔任警察或經理人是同樣可接受的選擇。」 36. The purpose for having a Take Our Daughters to Work Day is ______. (A) to encourage girls to pursue top paying jobs (B) to let girls spend more time with their mothers (C) to show girls possibilities for work and careers 5 (D) to give girls a chance to visit their mothers’ offices 36. 舉辦「帶我們的女兒上班」活動的目的是______。 (A) 鼓勵女孩追求高薪的工作 (B) 讓女兒有更多時間與母親在一起 (C) 讓女孩知道擁有工作與生涯職業的可能性 (D) 給女孩機會去參觀媽媽的辦公室 【說明】 第二段第一句提到：The program offers millions of girls a first-hand view of many career opportunities available in the future. 清楚指出讓女孩有機會了解職業，故答案選 (C)。 37. TOD was criticized because some people ______. (A) thought it was not fair to boys (B) did not like having children at work (C) did not have daughters to take to work (D) would rather have their daughters stay at home 37. TOD受到批評是因為有些人_______。 (A) 認為它對男孩不公 (B) 不喜歡工作時有小孩 (C) 沒有女兒可以帶去上班 (D) 寧願讓女兒待在家裡 【說明】最後一段第一句提到：TOD had been criticized for excluding boys，清楚指出原來的活動是排除男孩的，讓人覺得不公平所以受到批評，故答案選 (A)。 38. Which of the following is true according to the passage? (A) Boys are now included on Take Our Daughters to Work Day. (B) Women and men have always been treated equally at work. (C) Homemaking and rearing children are jobs for girls only. (D) Girls grow up receiving more attention than boys. 38. 根據本文下列敘述何者正確？ (A) 現在男孩也加入「帶我們的女兒上班」的行列。 (B) 女性與男性在職場上一向受到平等的對待。 (C) 照顧家庭和養育小孩是女性的工作（男性不必做）。 (D) 女孩成長過程受到的關注比男孩多。 【說明】接著同一段的同一句提到：it was expanded in 2003 to include boys，清楚指出2003年開始讓男孩也參與該項活動，故答案選A。 39. Why are women underrepresented in some fields such as technology? (A) They are not interested in these fields. (B) They are not encouraged to work in these fields. (C) They are not paid the same as men in these fields. (D) They are not allowed to be educated in these fields. 39. 為什麼女性在某些如科技的領域中達不到是當的比例？ (A) 她們對這些領域不感興趣。 (B) 她們未受到鼓勵在這些領域中工作。 (C) 在這些領域中她們的薪資待遇與男性不同。 (D) 她們不可以在這些領域中受教育。 【說明】 第二段第二句提到：At school, boys often receive more encouragement in the classroom, especially in math, science…. Women…remain vastly underrepresented in…technology fields. 清楚指出男孩在教室中受到的鼓勵遠多於女孩，所以女性很少從事科技業，故答案選 (B)。 In all cultures and throughout history hair has had a special significance. In ancient Egypt, as long ago as 1500 BC, the outward appearance expressed the person’s status, role in society and political position. Wigs played an important role in this: they were crafted with great artistry and often sprinkled with powdered gold. In the 8th century BC, the pre-Roman Celts in Northern Europe wore their hair long. In a man it was the expression of his strength, in a woman of her fertility. The idea of long hair as a symbol of male strength is even mentioned in the Bible, in the story of Samson and Delilah. Samson was a leader of the Israelites. His long hair, which he never cut, gave him superhuman powers. The only person who knew his secret was Delilah. However, she spied for the enemy and betrayed him. One night she cut off his hair and thus robbed him of his strength. In the classical Greek period, curly hair was not only the fashion, but it also represented an attitude towards life. Curls or locks were the metaphor for change, freedom and the joy of living. The ancient Greek word for curls and locks is related to intriguing and tempting someone. Hair is also used as a symbol of opposition. The punk protest movement today uses hair as a symbol of disapproval of the “middle-class, conventional lifestyle” by wearing provocative haircuts and shockingly colored hair. A different form of objection could be seen in the women’s hairstyles in the 1960s. Women’s liberation was expressed in a short-cut, straight and simple hairstyle which underlined equality with men without neglecting female attributes. To this day hair has kept its importance as a symbol of power, youth, vitality and health. 綜觀歷史所有的文化之中頭髮有其特別的重要性。在古埃及，遠在西元前一千五百年，外表表示一個人的身分地位、社會上的角色和政治上的地位。假髮在此扮演了重要的角色：它們是手工打造的藝術品，且經常以粉狀的黃金點綴。 6 西元前第八世紀時，在北歐地區早於羅馬人的凱爾特人（Celts）留長髮。在男人身上長髮表示力量，在女人身上長髮表示生殖力。長髮被視為男性力量象徵的概念甚至也出現在聖經中，參孫和黛利拉故事中（黛利拉是參孫的情婦,後出賣參孫）。參孫是Iseraelites的領袖，他未曾剪過的長髮給予他超人的神奇力量。唯一知道這個秘密的人是黛利拉。然而，她成為敵方的間諜且背叛了他。有一天晚上她剪掉了他的頭髮因而奪走了他的力量。 在古典希臘時期，捲捲的頭髮不僅是一種時尚，也代表一種生活態度。捲髮或綁起來的一綹頭髮是改變、自由、快樂生活的象徵。古希臘代表curls或locks的字尌與吸引或誘惑某人有關。 頭髮也被用來作為反對的象徵。現今龐克抗議運動運用頭髮作為一種象徵，藉由剪氣人的頭髮並染上令人驚訝的髮色，以反對「中產、傳統的生活型態」。在1960年代女型的髮型中可見一種不同的反對形式。女性的解放以剪短的直髮和簡單的髮型來表達，以強調男女平等，不可忽視女人的特質。到今天頭髮保持著它的重要性，作為權力、年輕、活力和健康的一種象徵。 40. The topic of this passage could best be described as _____ . (A) the scientific study of hairstyles (B) the symbolic meanings of hairstyles (C) the art of designing different hairstyles (D) the contemporary development of hairstyles 40. 本文的主旨是_________。 (A) 髮型的科學研究 (B) 髮型的象徵意義 (C) 設計不同髮型的藝術 (D) 當今髮型的發展 【說明】全文多次提到hairstyle以及其symbol，所以清楚知道本文主要介紹髮型的象徵，故答案選 (B)。 41. Why did ancient Greeks like to wear curls and locks? (A) To attract others. (B) To show off their artistry. (C) To hide their real identity. (D) To represent power and status. 41.為什麼古希臘人喜歡捲髮或挽髮？ (E) 吸引其他人。 (F) 炫燿他們的藝術。 (G) 隱藏他們的真實身分。 (H) 代表他們的權勢和地位。 【說明】第三段的最後一句提到：curls and locks is related to intriguing and tempting someone，其中intriguing和tempting都清楚表示要引誘他人，意即吸引之意（attracting），故答案選 (A)。 42. How did women in the 1960s use hair to show objection? (A) They grew long hair. (B) They dyed their hair. (C) They cut their hair short. (D) They shaved their heads. 42. 60年代的女人如何使用頭髮來表達反對？ (A) 留長髮。 (B) 染髮。 (C) 把頭髮剪短。 (D) 用剃刀剃光頭髮。 【說明】在第四段中先找到年代1960s，再往下閱讀：Women’s liberation was expressed in a short-cut, straight and simple hairstyle. 清楚知道當時的女性解放其中一項尌是剪短髮，故答案選 (C)。 43. What can be inferred from the passage? (A) Long curly hair has always been popular since ancient times. (B) Ancient Egyptians did not pay much attention to their hairstyles. (C) The punk movement is one of the most successful movements in history. (D) Samson might never have been defeated if he had kept the secret to himself. 43. 從本文中可推論到下列哪一句？ (A) 長捲髮自古代到現在都一直受到歡迎。 (B) 古埃及人不會把很多的注意力放在髮型上。 (C) 龐克運動是歷史上最成功的運動之一。 (D) 如果參孫不把秘密讓他人知道，他可能永遠不會被擊敗。 【說明】第二段提到參孫與黛莉拉的故事，最後說：The only person who knew his secret was Delilah. 黛利拉出賣了他導致他的死亡，所以如果沒人知道他的秘密，參孫可能永不被擊敗，故答案選 (D)。 Camille Mahlknecht, 9, has some big fun planned for this weekend. She and other residents of Agoura Hills, California, plan to pick up trash during their city’s annual cleanup. At the same time, Wissam Raed, 12, will be busy volunteering too. Thousands of miles away in Lebanon, Wissam plans to put on a play at an orphanage and bring potted plants to elderly people at a senior citizen center. Some other children like Nathan White, 10, have personal reasons for volunteering. Nathan’s grandmother died of a heart attack. To help raise money for medical research, Nathan participated in Jump Rope for Heart. He and five other boys took turns jumping rope for two 7 and half hours and collected more than US$1,200 in donations for the American Heart Association. Millions of children around the globe lend a hand to their communities every year. Schools and parents also contribute to the rise in youth service. For example, many schools offer community service activities for students to join. Teachers either combine volunteer work with classroom lessons or make service work a requirement. Parents, on the other hand, encourage their kids to volunteer and do it with them. Community service is particularly important in this recession time. As the need for monetary support and other aid has increased, many charitable organizations have experienced a significant drop in donations. Camille and other children who volunteer thousands of hours annually can fill in some of the gaps. According to research, kids who start volunteering are twice as likely to continue doing good deeds when they are adults. So, grab a paintbrush, a trash bag, or whatever you need to help your community. You’ll love how you feel after helping others. Even dirty work can be lots of fun, if it’s for a good cause. Camille Mahlknecht，九歲，本週末有一件計畫好的重大樂事。她和加州Agoura Hills的居民計畫在城市年度清潔日揀拾垃圾。同時，Wissam Raed，十二歲，也會忙著從事志工活動。在數千英哩之外的Lebanon城市的Wissam計畫到一家孤兒院演出一齣戲劇，並帶著盆栽植物到養老院去。 一些其他的小孩如Nathan White，十歲，有個人的理由去從事志工活動。Nathan的祖母死於心肌梗塞。為了幫助醫學研究募款，Nathan 參加「為心臟跳繩」活動，他和其他的男孩輪流跳繩持續二個半小時募到超過一千兩百美元的捐款給美國心臟協會。 全球數百萬個小孩每年伸出援手幫助各個社區。學校和父母也努力提升青少年的服務。舉例，許多學校提供社區服務活動讓學生參加。教師們或利用教室作業結合志工工作，或讓服務的工作成為必修課程。另一方面，父母親鼓勵孩子們參加志工活動並和一起加入他們。 社區服務在這個不景氣的時候尤其重要。隨著金錢支撐和其他援助的需求已經增加，許多慈善機構在捐款方面已經感受到顯著的下降。Camille和其他孩子每年從事數千個小時的工作能填補部分的缺口。 根據研究，小孩尌開始從事志工活動到成人仍繼續從事善行的比例可能是一般人的二倍。所以拿起油漆刷，垃圾袋，或任何你所需的東西去幫助你的社區。在幫助他人之後你會愛上那種感覺。甚至是骯髒的工作也有很多的樂趣，如果是為了一個良善的理想目標。 44. What’s the writer’s purpose of writing this passage? (A) To recommend youth service programs to schools. (B) To ask charity organizations to serve the community. (C) To urge children to take part in volunteering activities. (D) To propose alternatives for doing community services. 44. 作者寫這篇文章的目的是什麼？ (A) 推薦年輕人服務計畫給學校。 (B) 要求慈善機構去服務社區。 (C) 力勸小孩去參與志工活動。 (D) 建議不同的選擇從事社區服務。 【說明】本文數次提到volunteering（志工），並提到三個小孩的年齡9. 10. 12，所以推斷文章主要的目的是鼓勵小孩從事志工活動，故答案選 (C)。 45. What is the main idea of the 3rd paragraph? (A) Community service is gaining popularity among children. (B) Families and schools help to make community service popular. (C) Children now depend more on their teachers than on their parents. (D) Nathan White had a special reason to raise money for medical research. 45. 第三段的主要概念是什麼？ (A) 社區服務在小孩之間正獲得普遍的認同。 (B) 家庭和學校有助於社區服務更普及化。 (C) 現在的小孩依賴老師更勝過其父母。 (D) Nathan有一個特別的理由為醫學研究募款。 【說明】本段第二句提到：Schools and parents also contribute to the rise in youth service…. 清楚說出學校與父母親都支持此一善舉，故答案選 (B)。 46. Why is community service important in a time of recession? (A) It raises money for school activities. (B) It teaches children to take care of the sick. (C) It gives charity organizations some needed help. (D) It encourages parents and teachers to work together. 46. 為什麼社區服務在不景氣的時代會重要？ (A) 它能為學校的活動募款。 (B) 它能教導小孩照顧生病的人。 (C) 它能提供慈善機構一些必要的協助。 (D) 它鼓勵父母和老師在一起工作。 【說明】第四段第一句提到不景氣的年代（recession）更需要志工，原因在第二句：many charitable organizations have experienced a significant drop in donations. 經濟不景氣尌沒有捐款，故答案選 (C)。 47. What can be inferred from the passage? (A) Community service can help prevent juvenile delinquency. (B) Children will probably leave school and work as volunteers. 8 (C) Organizing sports events for the school is a kind of community service. (D) Children who do volunteer work are more likely to grow up to be caring adults. 47. 從文章中可以推論到什麼？ (A) 社區服務有助於預防青少年犯罪。 (B) 小孩有可能離開學校去從事志工的工作。 (C) 為學校籌敗球賽活動是一種社區服務。 (D) 從事志工工作的小孩很有可能在長大後變成有愛心的成人。 【說明】最後一段的第一句提到：According to research, kids who start volunteering are twice as likely to continue doing good deeds when they are adults. 清楚指出研究的結果是小孩開始培養助人的習慣長大才會行善，故答案選 (D)。 Downloading music over the Internet is pretty common among high school and college students. However, when students download and share copyrighted music without permission, they are violating the law. A survey of young people’s music ownership has found that teenagers and college students have an average of more than 800 illegally copied songs each on their digital music players. Half of those surveyed share all the music on their hard drive, enabling others to copy hundreds of songs at any one time. Some students were found to have randomly linked their personal blogs to music sites, so as to allow free trial listening of copyrighted songs for blog visitors, or adopted some of the songs as the background music for their blogs. Such practices may be easy and free, but there are consequences. Sandra Dowd, a student of Central Michigan University, was fined US$7,500 for downloading 501 files from LimeWire, a peer-to-peer file sharing program. Sandra claimed that she was unaware that her downloads were illegal until she was contacted by authorities. Similarly, Mike Lewinski paid US$4,000 to settle a lawsuit against him for copyright violation. Mike expressed shock and couldn’t believe that this was happening to him. “I just wanted to save some money and I always thought the threat was just a scare tactic.” “You know, everyone does it,” added Mike. The RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America), the organization that files lawsuits against illegal downloaders, states that suing students was by no means their first choice. Unfortunately, without the threat of consequences, students are just not changing their behavior. Education alone is not enough to stop the extraordinary growth of the illegal downloading practice. 高中或大學學生在網路上下載音樂是稀鬆平常的事。然而，當學生未獲許可下載分享有版權的音樂時，他們尌是正在觸法。