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初高中英语衔接教学专题之英语句子成分 (简单句的翻译)
一. 句子成分的定义与分类
1、定义
组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分,常包括主语、谓语(主要由动词充当)、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。 2、分类
其中,主语、谓语(主要是动词)、宾语、宾语补足语及表语称为句子的基本成分。 而定语及状语称为句子的附属成分。
1 主语:表示句子所说的是什么人或什么事物。一般由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当。如: Lucy is an American girl.
We study at Zhuhai No.1 Middle School. The rich should help the poor. Reading makes a man full.
That he are always late makes me angry. To learn English well is easy for you.
2 谓语:说明主语做什么,是什么或怎么样。谓语部分主要的词是动词。谓语在人称和数方面必须和主语一致。
The sun rises in the east. He likes English. Her parents are workers. She is running. 3 宾语:表示动作或行为的对象。 一般由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当,和vt(及物动词)一起来说明主语做什么。 如: He often helps me. We study English at school.
4 宾语补足语:表示宾语的身份、状态、特性或宾语所做的动作。由名词、形容词、不定式、或介词短语和分词充当。 I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow. His parents named him Jim.
We found the book very interesting. Lucy asked him to turn down the radio
5 表语:说明主语是什么或怎么样。由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。 如:
You are a student. He looks nice. We are at home yesterday.
英语五种基本句型列式如下:
句型一: S V (主+谓+<状语>) 句型二: S V P (主+系+表) 句型三: S V O (主+谓+宾)
句型四: S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾) 句型五: S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补) 1.S+Vi
例如:I went to school at 7:00. 主 谓 状
这一结构中的动词为不及物动词,其后没有宾语,后面可以跟副词、介词短语做状语。 go, live, die, talk, swim, stay, 用以上词语造句(肯定,否定,疑问) Examples: go, live, die, talk, swim, stay
We go to school everyday. I’m living in Sha Ping Ba District now. My love for you will never die. I want to talk with a foreigner. Jerry can swim well. Mr. Green will stay in China for a year.
2.S+V系+P
例如:The food smells delicious.
主 系 表
句子谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。
系动词分两类:be, look, keep, seem等属一类,表示情况;get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。用look, sound, become, turn, grow, get造句 1.每个人看起来都不一样。(look) 2.那听起来很好。(sound) 3.我现在成了一名教师。(become) 4.她脸红了。(turn)
5.他现在成长得又高又壮。(grow) 6.天色渐渐黑了。(get) 3.S+Vt+O
例如:He hopes to fly to the moon. 主 谓 宾
1)只能用不定式作宾语的常见动词:want,hope,wish,would like,decide,agree,ask,wait等;
2)只能用动名词作宾语的常见动词:mind,enjoy,keep,finish,can't help等;
3)既能用不定式又能用动名词作宾语,且有区别的常见动词:remember, forget, stop, go on, try
4)既能用不定式又能用动名词作宾语,且无区别的常见动词:begin,start,like,love,hate等。
记住在你离开之前把窗子关上。 (还未做) 我记得关了啊。(已做过)
哦,你忘了关灯了。(还未做)
我忘了已经写完作业了。(已做过) Mary停下来去散步。(stop) 他停止唱歌了。
然后,他接下来去玩足球了。(go on) Tom继续玩电脑游戏。 我们尽量完成任务。(try)
我试着修理自行车。(看有无结果) 4.S+Vt+Oi+Od
例如:He gave me a pen.
主 谓 间宾 直宾
1)这种结构也可将间宾放到直宾之后,但间宾前需加介词to(对象)或for(目的);例如: They lent the bike to the boy. 主 谓 直宾 间宾 2)在间宾前加to的:
1.昨天爸爸给我一个礼物。( give ) My father gave a present to me yesterday. 2.Li Hua给我看他的照片。( show ) Li Hua showed his pictures to me. 3.我的朋友给我一封信。( send ) My friend sent a letter to me.
4. 姐姐给我带来一件漂亮的裙子( bring ) My sister brought a beautiful dress to me. 5. 请把盐递给我。( pass )
Pass the salt to me please.
6. 他把自行车借给那个女孩了。( lend ) He lent his bike to that girl.
7. 以前,奶奶常给我讲故事。( tell ) My grandma told stories to me in the past. 8. Tom昨天教我一首英文歌曲。( teach ) Tom taught an English song to me yesterday. 3) 在间宾前加for的
1.他给我亲手做了一个生日礼物。( make ) His made a birthday present for me.
2.她的丈夫给她买了一个漂亮的项链。( buy ) Her husband bought a beautiful necklace for her. 3.我们应该为残疾人做点什么。( do )
We should do something for the disabled people. 4.我们给老人们唱歌。( sing )
We are singing songs for the old people. 4)最好用S+Vt+Od+Oi结构的情况:
例如:I‘ll send it to you. 直宾 间宾
We‘ll sing some songs for the friend from a foreign country. 直宾 间宾 a.当直接宾语是人称代词时: b.当直宾比间宾短时: 5.S+Vt+O+C
例如:The boy wished his father to buy a bike for him.
主 谓 宾 宾补
1)带to的不定式作宾补;
例如:She asked me to call him again.
很多动词后面都可以有这种宾补,这类动词有:ask,tell,want,wish,would,like,hate等。 2)不带to的不定式作宾补;
例如:We often hear the girl sing the song.
能带这种复合宾语的动词为感官动词、短语动词和使役动词如let,feel,notice,help,make,have,listen to,hear,see,watch,look at,observe. 注:①如果这种结构变为被动语态,不定式就必然带to. ②help后的不定式可以带to也可不带to. 3)分词作宾补;
例如:He heard somebody knocking on the window.
现在分词作宾补表示主动,且动作正在进行,过去分词作宾补表示被动,或动作已完成,也可以表示请别人做某事。能带分词作宾补的常见动词为感官动词:see,hear,notice,watch,feel及find,get,have(这三个动词为使役动词)等。 4)名词作宾补;
例如:We must keep it a secret.这类复合宾语只有在有限的一些动词后使用,常见的动词有:name,call,make,elect,think,find,leave等
What he have done made him a successful man. 5)形容词作宾补。
例如:You should keep the room clean.
常见的能跟这种复合宾语的动词有:make,keep,find,want,wish,like,see,think,believe,leave等。
The interesting story made me happy. leave me alone We saw him out. 同义句转换
1.It seems that he will give us a talk tomorrow. He ____ ____ be giving us a talk tomorrow. 2.I thought I hadn't covered the basket. I had ____ ____ _____ the basket. 3.If the rain stops,we'll have a picnic. If it ____ ____,we'll have a picnic.
4.The teacher was listened to by them singing a song. They listened ____ the teacher ____ a song. 5.I'll ask somebody to cut my hair. I'll ____ my hair ____ .
句子附属成分详解 总体认识
基本成分的修饰语称为句子的附属成分。可以是: 定语:即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句
状语:即用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的单词、短语或从句。
1 简单的定语:用来修饰名词的单词。由代词、数词、形容词或相当于形容词的词或短语充当。如:What’s your name, please? We have seven lessons a day.
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