2018版高考英语二轮题型组合练：4 含解析

题型组合练(四)

(对应学生用书第175页)

Ⅰ.阅读理解——科普知识

(2017·通、扬、泰、淮高三三模)

Larger brain size linked to longer life in deer

The size of a female animal's brain may determine whether they live longer and have more healthy offspring(后代)，according to a new research led by the University of Cambridge.

The study，published in the Royal Society Open Science journal，shows that female red deer with larger brains live longer and have more surviving offspring than those with smaller brains.Brain size is passed down through the generations.This is the first extensive study of individual differences in brain size in wild mammals and draws on data comparing seven generations of deer.

Across species of mammals，brain size varies widely.This is thought to be a consequence of specific differences in the benefits and costs of a larger brain.Mammals with larger brains may，for example，have greater cognitive abilities that enable them to adapt better to environmental changes or they may have longer lifespans(寿命)．But there may also be disadvantages: for instance，larger brains require more energy，so individuals that possess them may show reduced fertility(繁殖力)．

The researchers，based at the University of Cambridge's Zoology Department and Edinburgh University's Institute of Evolutionary Biology，wanted to test if they could find more direct genetic or nongenetic evidence of the costs and benefits of large brain size by comparing the longevity(长寿)and survival of individuals of the same species with different sized brains.Using the skulls of 1，314 wild red deer whose life histories and breeding success had been monitored in the course of a long-term study on the Isle of Rum，they found that females with larger endocranial volumes(脑腔容量)lived longer and produced more surviving offspring in the course of their lives.

Lead author Dr Corina Logan，a Gates Cambridge Scholar，says，“The reasons

for the association between brain size and longevity are not known，but other studies have suggested that larger brains are a consequence of the longer-lived species having longer developmental periods in which the brain can grow.These hypotheses(假设)were generated from cross-species correlations；however，testing such hypotheses requires investigations at the within species level，which is what we did.”

Dr Logan adds，“We found that some of the cross-species predictions about brain size held for female red deer，and that none of the predictions were supported in male red deer.This indicates that each sex likely experiences its own set of tradeoffs(权衡，协调)with regard to brain size.” The study also showed that females' relative endocranial volume is smaller than that of males，despite evidence of selection for larger brains in females.

Professor Tim CluttonBrock，who set up the Rum Red Deer study with Fiona Guinness in 1972 and initiated the work on brain size，points out，“The reason that this kind of study has not been conducted before is that it requires long-term records of a large number of individuals across multiple generations and data of this kind are still rare in wild animals.”

【语篇解读】 本文是说明文。研究指出，雌性动物脑的大小可能决定它们是否活得更长以及是否会繁殖更健康的后代。

1．What does the new research about brain size reveal? A．Large-brain red deer tend to be more reproductive. B．Large-brain female deer survive small-brain male deer. C．Brain size causes individual differences in some mammals. D．Brain size has been increasing from generation to generation.

C [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Mammals with larger brains may，for example，have greater cognitive abilities that enable them to adapt better to environmental changes or they may have longer lifespans(寿命)．But there may also be disadvantages: for instance，larger brains require more energy，so individuals that possess them may show reduced fertility(繁殖力)”可知，一些哺乳动物脑的大小导致个体的差异。]

2．For different species of mammals，brain size varies widely in that________．

A．mammals can develop different adaptive abilities B．a larger brain has its advantages and disadvantages C．different mammals are born with different lifespans D．brain size is affected by genetic or nongenetic factors

B [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Across species of mammals，brain size varies widely.This is thought to be a consequence of specific differences in the benefits and costs of a larger brain”可知，动物脑的大小有差异的原因是较大的脑有其优缺点。]

3．What can we learn about the relation between brain size and longevity? A．The cause and effect needs to be further investigated. B．Brain size absolutely determines animals' longevity. C．Longer-lived species allow brains to grow to a large size. D．The cross-species assumptions apply to red deer of both sexes.

A [推理判断题。根据第五段中的“The reasons for the association between brain size and longevity are not known ...”可知，动物脑的大小与其寿命的关联的前因后果仍需研究。]

4．What can we infer from Professor Tim Clutton Brock's words? A．Researchers can't possibly reach a conclusion about the reason. B．Researchers are not patient enough to keep long-term records. C．Such research has been thoroughly conducted on wild animals before. D．Such research will witness great difficulty in the long-term process.

D [推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The reason that this kind of study has not been conducted before is that it requires long-term records of a large number of individuals across multiple generations and data of this kind are still rare in wild animals”可知，文中谈及的研究用时长且艰难。]

【导学号：25874091】

Ⅱ.任务型阅读

(2017·无锡高三一模)The world would have been so much better if we all knew how to say and do the right thing at the right time.However，that is not the case，especially when it comes to instilling(逐步培养)proper behavior in kids.Behavior

modification(BM)techniques were recently created to help in instilling proper behavior in children as well as adults.

Behavior modification refers to establishing various appropriate behaviors in individuals and discouraging those that are not desired.Behavior modification techniques are developed largely according to the principles of operant conditioning by B．F.Skinner，an American behaviorist.These techniques are used in behavior modification treatment that aims to correct and instill appropriate behavior in children.

The commonly used behavior modification techniques are positive reinforcement(强化)，negative reinforcement and punishment.Positive reinforcement refers to reinforcing proper behavior that most desire through the process of rewarding it.This can be done by praising the individual as soon as he performs desired behavior.Negative reinforcement behavioral strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or behavior because the desired behavior was performed.For example，not letting a child help in washing dishes because he behaved well at a family gathering is a form of negative reinforcement.Punishment is something we all can relate to.Yes，it is just what it means.However，when put in words，punishment refers to subjecting(使服从于)an individual to a negative condition because of inappropriate behavior.

The behavior modification techniques for children are mostly based on positive and negative reinforcement.However，parents should realize that these techniques can't be relied upon totally for child behavior modification.Though the behavior modification techniques lead to quick results，a parent should continuously try to cultivate(培养)in his child the ability to appreciate the reason why such behavior is expected of him.This can be done through effective communication and greater focus on the parent-child relationship.As a parent，don't make the reward a monetary one.Try to make it look more like a privilege than a reward.A parent should also be consistent with his technique and apply it whenever there is a chance so that the child gets a clear idea of what is expected and what is not.

Although we talk so much about the role of a parent in bringing positive behavior modification to children，both parents and teachers have equally important roles to play.Teachers play their role through preventive classroom management，