自考英语（二） - 超完整 - 名师授课 - 详细笔记

1.冠词（articles）:是一种虚词，放在一个名词前，帮助说明该名词的含义。它分为定冠词和不定冠词两种。

2.定冠词the的用法如下： ①重复上文提到过的人或物：

e.g. There is a refrigerator in the kitchen. The refrigerator is white. (第一次提到用不定冠词，第二次用定冠词，表特指。) ②特指谈话双方都知道的人或物。 e.g. How do you like the film? ③指世界上独一无二的事物。

e.g. The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun. ④常用在乐器前：

e.g. I want to play the piano/ the violin. ⑤用在一些公用事业名称前,

e.g. I will go to the post office/ the museum/ the cinema. ⑥用在序数词和形容词最高级之前， e.g. the first time, the biggest. ⑦用在某些专有名词前，

e.g. the people’s Republic of China, the great wall, the white house ⑧特指某些江河、山脉、海洋、湖泊，

e.g. the Changjiang River, the pacific ocean, the Himalayas, the Salt Lake ⑨和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人,

e.g. the rich, the poor, the dead, the young ⑩用在姓氏的复数形式前，表一家人, e.g. The Greens are watching TV.

另外，还用在许多习惯用语中：in the morning/afternoon/evening, on the left. Right, by the way, in the middle of etc.

The 4th lecture of College English one: Ⅰ.Intensive reading text A:

1.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that separate the old world from the new. 译：大西洋是隔断新世界和旧世界的大洋之一。

分析：本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词oceans,注意此时只能用that,不能用which.如下的情况属只能用that的情况：

1>.当先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词时。 He is the best person that always helps others 2>.当先行词是序数词，或前面有一个序数词时。 He is the last person that I want to see. 3>.当主语已有疑问词who或which时。 Which is the bike that you lost?

4>.当先行词是all, much, something, anything, everything, little, etc等词时。 We should hand in all that you have found.

5>.当先行词前有only, any, few, one of, the same, no etc等词时。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.

Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teacher in our class. 短语：separate sth from sth把?与?分开

England is separated from France by the English channel.

另外，the old World: Europe, Asia, Africa; the New World: the Americas.

2.For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.（*）

译：好几个世纪以来，它使美洲一直未被欧洲人发现

短语：keep/stop/prevent sb from doing sth:阻止某人做谋事 The bad weather can’t keep us from going to school/ being discovered: being动名词，discovered过去分词

3.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic ocean made the early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.(*)

译：许多关于大西洋的错误观点使得早期的水手不愿远航驶入大西洋。

分析： 主语：many wrong ideas；谓语：made； 宾语：the early sailors； 宾补：unwilling to sail far out into it。

短语：be unwilling to do sth; sail far out into it: 远航驶入；make sb do sth

4.one idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world.” 译：一种观点是大西洋远达世界的边缘。

分析：that引导的是表语从句。它是名词从句的一种。主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句属于名词从句。在四种从句中只有宾语从句能省略that这个关系连词，在其它从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，但绝对不能省略。

a. That the earth is round is true.(主语从句)

b. All of us know that we must study hard.（宾语从句）

c. The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.（同位语从句）

d. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.（表语从句） 4.The Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific, but it was still very large.(*)

译：虽然大西洋只有太平洋的一半，但它也很大。 倍数的比较：倍数 + as + adj/adv + as a.My hair is twice as long as yours.

b.My classroom is only one third as big as theirs.

5.It’s more than 4000 miles wide where Columbus crossed it. 译：哥伦布穿越大西洋的航线有4000多英里宽。 基数词 + 形容词→作度量状语。 a.He is only five years old.

b.The river is three meters deep. c.The classroom is five meters long.

6.For so large an ocean, it has very few islands. Also, it is the world’s saltiest ocean.

译：这么大的一个海洋却只有少数几个岛屿，并且它是世界上盐分含量最高的海洋。（这是大西洋最大的两大特点。）

7.There is so much water in the Atlantic ocean that it is hard to imagine how much there is.

译：大西洋中有多得令人难以想象的海水。

So?that引导结果状语从句。(so + adj / adv) It’s so hot these days that we can’t go out.

8.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.

译：假设不再有雨水降入大西洋，也没有河水汇入。本句存在一个重要的语法现象：虚拟语气，即表示非真实的假设。该语法放到text B中进行详讲。

9.It would take the ocean about 4000years to dry up. 译：它大约需要4000年的时间才干涸。

重要句型：it takes / took sb some time to do sth花某人多少时间作某事 Every day it takes me an hour to go to work.

10.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.

译：我们现在有如此多的快速旅行方式，使大西洋似乎变小了。

短语：such + n + that 引导结果状语从句，注意和so?that?比较。 a.She’s such a lovely girl that everyone likes her very much. b.She’s so lovely a girl that everyone likes her very much. seem to 仿佛、好像

Ⅱ. Brief summary about the useful phrases:

1.separate?from?(1段1行); 2.keep sb from doing sth(1段2行); 3.make sb do sth(2段1行); 4.boiling hot(2段5行); 5.so?that?(5段1行); 6.no more(5段2行); 7.on the average(5段4行); 8.pile up(10段2行); 9.such?that?(11段1行); 10.seem to(11段2行); 11.be unwilling to do?(2段1行)

Text B:做一般了解。 A. New words:

1. observation: n 观察，observe: v 观察；observer: n 观察者

2. continually: adv 不停地，continue v 继续, continual adj 不停的 3. merely: adv 同义词only

4. absolutely: adv 完全地、绝对地，同义词：completely, entirely, thoroughly. 5. uncomfortably: adv 不舒适地，反义词：comfortably; uncomfortable, comfortable 6. inhabitant: n 居民（不是永久的），永久的resident, inhabit; v 居住 7. occasionally: adv 偶尔地； occasional: adj, occasion: n 场合、机会

B. Grammar knowledge: Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气

它是谓语动词的一种形式，表示非真实的假设、或表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿望。 a.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.

b.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind?

c.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun?

虚拟语气的主要用法：（1）

1.用于非真实条件句中：条件句分为真实和非真实两种。非真实条件句包括违背现在事实的假设、过去事实的假设、以及不希望将来某种愿望实现的假设。

a.If I were you, I would reconsider their advice.

b.If I hadn’t been so easy, I would have come early. c.If I should fail, I would try again.

为了便于大家学习，在初学阶段可先记住如下表格：

条件从句 结果主句

对现在事实的违背 过去式

should + 动词原形

would + 动词原形

对过去事实的违背 had + 动词过去分词

should + have + 动词原形

would + have + 动词原形

对将来事实的违背 Should + 动词原形 should + 动词原形

Were + 动词不定式 would + 动词原形

C. Further notes on some sentences:

1. Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. 译：除了太阳，月球是天空中看起来最大的物体。 except for:除了?,c.f：except, except that. a.all the articles are good except yours.

b.Your article is good except for some grammar mistakes. c.Except that he passed the exam, we all failed.

总结：从整体中去除与主语是相同的事物用except, 若所去除的事物与主语不是同类项用except for, 而只有except that可放在句首引导从句。

2. We always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.(*)

译：我们总是发现面对着太阳的那一面是亮的，而背离太阳的那部分则是黑的。

这是一个难句。that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark是find的宾语从句，其中包含有一个定语从句which faces towards the sun修饰the part，一个时间状语从句while the part facing away from the sun appears dark，还有一个现在分词做定语facing away from the sun appears dark = which faces away from the sun?

3. Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind—only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright.