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破句（Sentence Fragments）
每个句子都必须有主语和谓语动词，必须表达一个完整的思想。当然，祈使句（无主语）、省略句、报纸标题等可算作例外。但即便如此，它们也能表达完整的概念。但有些所谓的句子，或无主语，或无谓语动词，仅仅是单词的堆砌，在语法上是讲不通的，而且语意也不完整，这样的句子即为破句。常见的破句有四种，
1、 从属连词引起的破句。
常见的从属连词：after, unless, even (ever though, even if), since, before, when (whenever), because, if, who (whoever), while, as, (as if), which (whichever), although, though, so that, where (wherever), until, that 当你用以上这些词开始一句句子，一定要避免从属连词引起的破句。 1. The man who came to dinner
2. After I arrived in Chicago by bus. I checked into a room. Then I went to a diner to get something to eat.
我们期待在句子中了解作者到达芝加哥后发生了什么，但作者没有继续写下去反而结束了句子。这就是破句。从属连词是用来引导从句的，一个句子中，仅有从句是不完整的。语法不合乎要求，语义也不完整。
改正这类破句通常的做法是将其与其前或后的句子连上即可(如用并列连词、动词不定式、介词短语等)。或仅仅需要把从属连词删掉。
1. The man who came to dinner stayed for the night.
2. After I arrived in Chicago by bus, I checked into a room. 或 I arrived in Chicago by bus and found a place to stay. 今天的作业就是改正破句：
After I slid my aching bones into the hot tub water. I realized that there was no soap. I didn't want to get out again.
答案：After I slid my aching bones into the hot tub water, I realized that there was no soap, but I didn't want to get out again.
2、 ing 分词和不定式引起的破句。
当 ing 分词或不定式处于一组词的首位或靠近首位时，就有可能出现破句。这样的句子缺少主语或缺少谓语动词的一部分，语义不完整。
1. I spent almost two hours on the phone yesterday. Trying to find a garage to repair my car.
2. She was very happy with the blue sports car she bought for only ＄500. Not realizing until a week later that the car averaged 7 miles a gallon of gas.
3. He looked forward to the study period at school. It being the only time he could sit un-bothered and dream about his future. 改正这类破句的方法有三个：让破句与其前或其后的句子连接起来，使语义完整（例句1）；增添主语，把 ing 部分变为动词的正确形式（例句2）；把 being 改为 be 的恰当形式（例句3）。
1. I spent almost two hours on the phone yesterday，trying to find a garage to repair my car. 2. She realized only a week later that the car averaged 7 miles a gallon of gas. 3. It was the only time he could sit un-bothered and dream about his future.
改正不定式时引起的破句的办法是将动词不定式部分与其前的一组词连接起来。
4. I plan on working overtime. To get this job finished. Otherwise, my boss may get angry at me. → I plan on working overtime to get this job finished.
作业：Some students show through body language that they don't want to get involved in a class. Hiding in the back or in the corner.
答案：They hiding in the back or in the corner.
3、 因增加细节引起的破句缺少主语或谓语动词，
它们常以 for example, also, except, such as, including, especially 等词开头。
1. Bill is very accident-prone. For example, managing to cut his hand while crumbling a bar of shredded meat. 2. One of my greatest joys in life is eating desserts. Such as jello, cake or ice cream.
改正这类破句的方法有三个：让破句与前边具有完整意义的句子连接起来；为破句增加主语和谓语动词；必要时改变字词。
1. Bill is very accident-prone. For example, he managed to cut his hand while crumbling a bar of shredded meat. 2. One of my greatest joys in life is eating desserts, such as jello, cake or ice cream.
作业：I am the only woman I know who plays all kinds of card games for money. For example, poker, bridge and blackjack. 答案：I am the only woman I know who plays all kinds of card games for money. For example, I play poker, bridge and blackjack.
4、 缺少主语的破句。
1. One example of my father's generosity is that he visits sick friends in the hosiptal. And takes along get-well cards with a few dollars folded in them.
2. Sarah looked with admiration at the stunningly attractive model. And wondered how the model looked upon waking up in the morning.
改正这类破句的方法有两个：把破句与前句相连；增加主语（该主语常以代词出现，指代前句中的名词主语。
1. One example of my father's generosity is that he visits sick friends in the hosiptal and takes along get-well cards with a few dollars folded in them.
2. Sarah looked with admiration at the stunningly attractive model. She wondered how the model looked upon waking up in the morning.
作业：While sitting in class, she realized she had lost a ring. But happily found it in the women's room after class. The ring wasn't worth much money but had an enormous personal value to her.
答案：While sitting in class, she realized she had lost a ring. But she happily found it in the women's room after class. The ring wasn't worth much money but had an enormous personal value to her.
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