被动语态Microsoft Word 文档

被动语态讲解

被动语态的时态变化（谓语动词）： 基本用法（以do为例） 一般 进行 am/is/are being done was/were being done shall/will be being done 完成 has/have been done had been done shall/will have been done 现在 am/is/are done 过去 was/were done 将来 shall/will be done 重点解析：

1. 被动语态的形式从时态上，分成现在、过去、将来，再细分为一般、进行、完成。 2. 被动语态中do永远变成be done，所有的变化中done必须是保留的，而时态是把be做相应的变化而体现的。如：

1) am/is/are doing 是现在进行时，而am/is/are being done是现在进行时的被动语态。 2) 一般过去时的被动语态就是把be变成过去时was/were。 3) 一般将来时即在be done前加了shall/ will。

4）had been done中had表示时态，be改成been，即后面是been done。 记住：把be做相对应的变化来改变时态。

例句：1. The book was received so eagerly that it was sold out on the first day. 这本书得到了公认，第一天就卖光了。（一般过去时的被动语态） 2. Textbooks are required to come in time. 要求课本及时到达。（一般现在时的被动语态）

3. My sister wants to work in a power plant which is still being built. 我妹妹想去那家尚在修建的发电厂工作。（现在进行时的被动语态） 4. By the end of next May this task will have been finished. 到明年五月末为止，这项任务就已经完成了。（by the end of 到......末为止，next May表示“还没有到”，所以用将来完成时will have done，变成被动语态，即will have been done） 5. The railway had been completed by the end of last year. 这条铁路去年末已经完工了。（同样的by the end of，因为last year表示“过去”，所以用过去完成时的被动语态，have变成了had）

例1. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team _____ four days later.

A. rescued B. was rescued C. has rescued D. had been rescued

2. More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year. A. sent B. had sent C. were sent D. had been sent

3. Experiments of this kind _____ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War. A. have conducted B. have been conducted C. had conducted D. had been conducted

4. All visitors to this village _________ with kindness.

A. treat B. are treated C. are treating D. had been treated

注意：1. 情态动词的被动结构：情态动词+ be done

The control room may not be entered without permission. 非经许可，勿入控制室。 2. 被动语态的否定形式

把not置于第一个助动词be、have或情态动词后，如：The problem is not going to be

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discussed at the meeting. 这个问题不打算在会上讨论。

3. 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，用于被动结构时，要看作一个整体，不能分开，介词或副词也不能省略。 Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 这样的坏习惯应该戒除。 使用被动语态的场合

1. 当关注的是事情或事物本身而不是动作的执行者，或者根本不知道动作的执行者时。 My car has been moved. 我的汽车有人动过。 2. 动作的执行者很明确时或强调承受者时。 If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你违犯了学校的纪律，你会受惩罚的。

3. 当动作的执行者是“people”或 “one” 时。

He is believed to have invented the computer. 人们都相信他发明了电脑。 Advertisements are seen everywhere. 广告随处可见。 4. 为了更好地安排句子。

The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. 那个名人上了公交车，立刻被人们认了出来。（只需一个主语）

I was shown round the campus by Sean, who had entered the school just a year before. 肖恩带我参观了校园，他去年刚进这所学校。

（用定语从句使两个松散的句子变成了复合句，句子更流畅、紧凑）

被动语态使用的注意要点 1. 双宾语变被动句

有些动词可以有两个宾语，在被动句中，通常用间接宾语（多为人）作主语，如果主语是直接宾语（多为物）时，要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词to或for等。 Ann wasn’t offered the job. 安没得到这份工作。

The Nobel Prize was awarded to George Soros. 这项诺贝尔奖授予乔治·索罗斯了。

2. 加to还是不加to

使役动词have, make及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补足语时，主动结构中不定式to要省略，但在被动结构时，要加to。 有人看见一个陌生人走进了楼。

主动句：Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 被动句：A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

She is made to clean the floor again. 她被迫再次擦了地板。

注意：使役动词get在主动句中也接带to的不定式作宾语补足语。 We have to get him to see a doctor. 我们必须劝他去找医生看看。

3. let 与被动语态

1）let后只有一个单音节动词，在被动语态中可用不带to 的不定式。 主动句：They let the stranger go. 他们让陌生人走了。 被动句：The stranger was let go. 陌生人被放走了。

2） 若let 后宾语补足语较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit等代替。 主动句：The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 在医院里护士允许我去看了我的同学。

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被动句：I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital. 在医院里我被允许去看了我的同学。

4. 被动结构与系表结构的区别

“be＋过去分词”这个结构并不都是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。区别是：被动结构表示一个动作，而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。比较下列句子： The enemy was soon surrounded by us. （强调动作，被动结构） 敌人不久就被我们包围了。

The house is surrounded by trees. （表示房子的特点或状态，系表结构） 那座房子周边都是树。

She was bitten by the dog in the darkness. （被动结构） 在黑暗中，她被那只狗咬了。

I was excited by the news that my husband got promoted. （系表结构） 听到我丈夫升职了，我很兴奋。 注意下列表示状态的短语：

be determined 决心 be pleased 感到高兴 be graduated (from) 毕业于 be finished 完成 be prepared (for) 准备好 be occupied (in) 忙于 用法讲解

被动语态要注意的几个句型

1. It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句 ? 主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.

表示“据说”或“相信”的动词，如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于这两个句型中。

It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. ＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. 据说这个男孩已经通过了这次全国性的测试。 常用句型：

It is said/ reported /suggested that? 据说/据报道/据建议...... It is believed/ hoped/ thought that?大家相信/希望/认为 It is well known that?众所周知

2. be supposed to do 被推想/期望做某事，应该做某事

Let’s go and see that film. It’s supposed to be very good. 我们去看这个电影吧，据说不错。 It’s nearly 8 o’clock. I’d better hurry. I’m supposed to be meeting Tom at 8:15. 我要快些了，现在差不多8点钟了。我8：15去接汤姆。 You are not supposed to park here. 这儿不允许停车。 3. get + done与be+ done

在被动句中，get常可以代替be，get多用在口语中，有时表示行为不是计划之中，而是意外发生的。

There was a fight at the pub, but fortunately nobody got (=was) hurt. 酒馆里发生了打斗，幸好无人受伤。

The dog got run over by a car. 狗被汽车辗死了。 不定式的被动式：作用和形式

1. 当不定式的逻辑主语是此不定式动作的承受者时，一般要用不定式的被动式。不定式的被动式可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。 It’s an honour to be invited to the ceremony. （作主语）

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受邀参加这个仪式很荣幸。

She didn’t like to be treated as a child. （作宾语） 她不喜欢被当孩子对待。

His dream was to be admitted to a good university. （作表语） 他的梦想是被录取进入一所好大学。

There are a lot of things to be discussed. （作定语） 有许多事情要讨论。

She was sent there to be trained for the space flight. （作状语） 她被派到那里接受航空飞行的训练。 2. 不定式的被动式有两种形式：

to be done 表示动词不定式的动作在谓语动词之后或同时发生。 to have been done 表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。 She preferred to have been given more important work to do. 她宁愿已经分给她更重要的工作了。 3. 不定式逻辑主语的确定：

用不定式的主动式还是被动式取决于不定式动作与其逻辑主语的关系，所以找出不定式的逻辑主语很重要。

1. 一般是句子的主语。见例①。

2. 作宾语补足语的不定式的逻辑主语是句子的宾语；见例②。 3. 作定语的不定式的逻辑主语多是定语所修饰的词。见例③。 4. 有时需要添加of/ for引出不定式的逻辑主语。见例④。 例如：（斜体部分是逻辑主语，粗体部分是不定式）

①The books and magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. 这些书和杂志不许带出阅览室。

②The officer ordered the manto be taken to the next room. 军官命令把这个人带到隔壁房间。

③Who was the first oneto arrive? 谁是第一个到的？

④It is an honor for meto be invited to speak here. 我很荣幸被邀请在这里讲话。 不定式的主动表示被动

1. 主语＋be +adj. +to do 时，能用于此句型的形容词有：difficult, easy, comfortable, fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome, interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous, light, important等。

The problem is difficult to deal with. 这个问题很难解决。 The box is light enough to carry. 这个盒子很轻，可以搬。

2. 不定式的动作的执行者在句中出现时。 不定式作定语与被修饰词构成动宾关系时，如果句中有此不定式动作的执行者，一般不用被动语态。

The young mother has five children to take care of. 这位年轻的妈妈要照看五个孩子。 （to take care of是the young mother做的） Give him some books to read. 给他些书看。 （to read是him做的） 3. 疑问词+不定式结构中。

I had no idea who to turn to for help the time I was lost. 我迷路的时候不知道找谁帮忙。 4. 某些动词，如blame, let (出租), rent，seek等的不定式与be连用时。 The house is to let．此房出租。

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