学术英语写作总结

for only ten pounds.）

（2）i always take my raincoat whenever i go out these days.(periodic) 改为：whenever i go out these days, i always take my raincoat.

改为：when they were on holiday, their house was broken into and some valuable paintings were stolen.

改为：after the firemen fought for three hours, they finally managed to put out the fire.

（6）the train is going to dalian. the train leaves at 20:15. (simple) 改为：the train to dalian leaves at 20:15.

（7）in spite of the interruption, he was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over. (loose)

改为：he was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over in spiteof the interruption.

（8）many people choose travel by air. it is fast. it offers convenience. it is not very expensive. (parallel structure)

改为：many people choose travel by air, because it is fast, convenient and not very expensive. 3、练习题 p121

（1）履历通常包括个人信息、教育背景、工作经历和过去的成就。

译：a resume generally consists of personal information, educational background, employment history and past achievements. （2）戴安娜在南京医科大学主修中医学。

译：diana is majoring in chinese traditional medicine in nanjing medicaluniversity.

（3）请代我向你父母致以问候。

译：please send my best regards to your parents.

（4）现代高等教育应该具有前瞻性，超越眼前的社会需求。

译：modern college education should be far-sighted and able to see beyond the immediate needs of the society.

（5）这种细菌是引起现在流行病的原因吗？

译：is this bacterium responsible for the current epidemic? （6）经常回顾昨天，你就会珍惜今天，向往明天。

译：take a frequent and backward look at your yesterday, and you will valueyour today and look forward to your tomorrow.

（7）中国传统知识分子认为：穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下。

译：traditional chinese intellectuals hold that one should refine his personal virtue when in poverty, and help save the world when in success. （8）就算我追求爱情，我也肯定不会只顾沉浸在爱河里而荒废学业。

译：if i did hunt for love, i certainly wouldn’t bathe myself in the river of love all the time, neglecting my studies.（9）学校倡导大学生改变就业观念，并鼓励他们把自己的才华和天赋投入到西部大开发中去。

译：universities promote a change in the concept of employment among the graduates, encourage them to give their talents and genius to the western exploration.

4、sentence expansion （句子拓展） （各个位置的例句都要看）※ 句子拓展的三种方法：addition（增添法），coordination（并列法）， subordination（从属法）。 重点题型，要会判断句子正误

（1）增添法：常见的修饰词有形容词、副词、数词、名词、名词性词组、

代词等（adjectives, adverbs, numerals, nouns, noun phrases and pronouns）。修 饰词通常在句中作定语或状语。

① 添加形容词 （addiong adjectives）

单个形容词做定语一般放在被修饰词之前，但修饰由any ,every, no somebody, one 或thing构成的不定代词时，放在其后。 ② 添加副词（adding adverbs）

如果句子里同时带有几个副词做修饰语时，其位置应按一下顺序排列： 程度副词-----方式副词------地点副词--------时间副词。 ③ 添加短语（adding phrases）

短语有8种：名词短语、动词短语、介词短语、非限定性短语（分词短 语、动名词短语、不定式短语）、同位短语、限定性短语。（noun, verb, prepositional; three kinds of verbal phrase(participial, gerund and infinitive), appositive and absolute） （2）并列法：包含三种方法

① coordinating pronouns （并列连词） ② conjunctive adverbs （使用连接副词） ③ semicolon （运用分号连接） （3）从属法：

从句主要包括名词性从句（noun clause），状语从句（adverbial clause）和定语从句（attributive clause）。

名词性从句又分为主语从句（subject clause）、表语从句（predicative clause）、宾语从句（object clause）和同位语从句（appositive clause）。

① 常见的状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、让步等。 5、几种短语拓展法：

（1）介词短语进行拓展（expanding with prepositional phrases）

介词短语在句中可做表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。作定语时置于所修饰词之后，做状语时位置比较灵活，可位于句首，也可位于句中或句尾，有时用逗号将其与句子的主体部分隔开。

（2）不定式短语进行拓展（expanding with infinitive phrases）

不定式短语做名词时，可做主语、表语、宾语；做形容词时，在句中作定语； 做副词时，可以表示目的、原因、结果、状语等。

（3）动名词短语进行拓展（expanding with gerund phrases）

动名词为动词-ing形式，名词性可做主语、表语、宾语、定语和补足语。动 词性可以带宾语和状语。

（4）分词短语进行拓展（expanding with participial phrases） 分词短语有现在分词短语和过去分词短语两种形式。 6、effective sentences（有效句）

（1）effective sentences have some or all of the following qualities : unity（一致性）, coherence（连贯性）, conciseness（简洁性）, emphasis（强调性）, and variety （多样性）.

（2）此节中的每个例子都要认真看。※

7、练习题： p142

（2）the young man is honest and hardworking, and is a very reliable worker. 改为：the young man is an honest, hardworking and reliable worder.（the young worker is honest, hardworking and reliable.） （3）dufu was one of the best-known poets.

改为：dufu was one of the best-known poets in tang dynasty.

（4）a man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.

改为：a man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.（a man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.）

（5）we thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman. 改为：we thought she was charming, intelligent and capable. （6）to get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase. 改为：to get ready for the trip, she put all the things he needed into a suitcase.（7）those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet of paper.

改为：those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign their name on this sheet of paper.

（8）when one thies hard enough, you can do almost anything. 改为：when one thies hard enough, he can do almost anything.

（9）for years i have been attending summer camp and enjoyed every minute of it. 改为：for years i have been attending summer camp and enjoying every minute of it. （10）when i saw the grade on my report card, i was terribly disappointed , because i studied very hard. 改为：when i saw the grade on my report card, i was terribly disappointed , because i had studied very hard.

（11）if i were rich and she was single, iwould marry her. 改为：if i were rich and she wrer single, iwould marry her.

（12）they insisted that the money be collected and that a receipt be given in teturn. 此句正确。 8、练习题 p142

（1）tom and his sweetheart married in the early part of the month of october. 改为：tom and his sweetheart married in early october.

（2）in 1979, there was a strike participated in by five thousand union workers.改为：in 1979, five thousand unions participated in the strike.

（3）the cause of the flood was due to heavy rain in late spring. 改为：the flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.

（4）there are a number of students from our institute who are planning to join the expedition.

改为：a number of students are planning to join the expedition.

（5）what i am trying to say is that in my opinion he is a very honest man.改为：in my opinion he is a very honest man.

（6）i came to this institute because of many factors, but most of all of the fact that i want to be an interpreter.

改为：i came to this institute because i want to be an interpreter.

（7）these watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste. 改为： these watermelons are large and sweet.

（8）at the present time i am taking the course of world history and in addition a course in geography too.改为：at present i am taking world history and geography. （9）we planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning. 改为：we planned to meet before sunrise. （10）his attitude was of a puzzling nature. 改为：his attitude was puzzling. 9、练习题： p143

（1）he was selfless, hardwording and modest; that’s why he became a great scientest.

改为：he became a great scientist because he was modest, selfless, and hardworking.

（2）as a clerk, john was honest, efficient and well-dressed. 改为：john was a well-dressed, honest, and efficient clerk.

（3）jane walked out of his life, bursting into tears as she left the room. 改为：as she left the room, jane, bursting into tears, walked out of his life. （4）china has changed a great deal as a result of reform and the open policy duting the past 14 years.

改为：as a result of the reform and the open policy during the past 14 years, china has changed a great deal.

（5）huang, the famous writer, was among his neighbors.

改为：huang, who was among his neighbors, was a famous writer.

（6）social position, reputation, even life itself, and friends,were no longer interesting to him after he went bankrupt.

改为： after he went bankrupt, friends, social position, reputation, even life itself were no longer interesting to him.

10、常见的语法错误： p143书中每个正确的句子都要看 ※ （1）misused parts of speech（用错词性）； （2）sentence fragments（残缺句）； （3）run-on sentences（流水句）；

（4）misplaced modifiers & dangling modifiers（误置修饰与悬虚结构）； （5）problem in agreement and reference（一致与指代问题）。 11、练习题 p146 修改残缺句

（1）after returning from the beach. the children were exhausted. 改为：after returning from the beach, the children were exhausted.

（2）john neglecting his duties and spending time on independent research. 改为：john neglected his duties and spent time on independent research.（3）karen dropped calculus. which she had dropped severall times before.

改为：karen dropped calculus, which she had dropped severall times before. （4）working together to save our environment. we can leave the world a better place than wo found it.

改为：working together to save our environment, we can leave the world a better place than wo found it.