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He won’t come back until after sunset.到太阳落山之后他才回来。 (until与after同属时间范畴。) He has traveled everywhere except in Japan. Water began to flow out instead of into the bottle. 十三、常用介词辨异
1. about, on, of 关于
on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于“学术上”的“论文”或“演说”等题目,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读,有“论及”之意。
about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式,有“述及”之意。
of作“关于”讲,表示提及、涉及某人(事)时,只表示事情存在或发生,并不涉及详情;有时与about意义相近,但有时意义很不同,常与动词know、hear、learn(听说)、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。 2. except, except for, except that, but, besides, beside
except“除??之外”,指不包括??,后面常接名词、代词(人称代词常用宾格),还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式,此时相当于but,但不定式常不带to。
except for“除了,只有”,意思和except一样,主要指说明基本情况后,而在细节上加以修正,后面常接名词性短语。
except that“除了,只是”,意思和except、except for一样。但在用法上,主要指其后常接名词性从句,也可接when、where等词引导的其它从句。
but所含“除??外”的意思不如except明确。but多用在代词(主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词)之后。
besides表示“除??外还有”,所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外,besides可用作副词,相当于also,有“而且,加之,何况”之意。 beside也是介词,表示“在附近”,只不过形似besides,容易相互混淆。 【对比】如果在区别前后有同类的词语时,就用except,否则就用except for。 e.g. This book has no blunder except a few mistakes. This book is interesting except for a few mistakes.(前面无同类词语) Every one of us, except him, went to see the exhibition.
3. including, included including是一个介词,意思为“包括”,它一般放在包括对象的前面。
included是一个过去分词,意思也是“包括”。它一般用于被动语态中,也可放在包括对象的后面。 4. in, later, during 都与时段名词搭配
1) in作介词,同时段名词搭配,即“in + 时段名词”,一般用于将来时。
2) later表示“??以后”,常同时段名词搭配,即“时段名词 + later”,常与过去时连用。 3) during作介词时,同时段名词搭配,即“during + 时段名词”,常与现在时或将来时等连用。 5. in, with, by 用
with通常指“用”具体的或有形的工具、器官等,有时也表示“用”某种手段、音调等。
by作介词表示“用”时,一般指“用”方式、手段等。后面常接动名词或名词,后面接名词时,该名词前面一般不加修饰语。
in指“用”语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方式、现金、顺序等。
动 词 篇
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动词和动词短语是NMET考查的重点。通常考查:动词的辨异、动词的不规则变化、某些动词的习惯用法和动词短语等。
一、 动词的基本形式 1. 第三人称单数形式 2. 过去式 3. 过去分词 4. 现在分词
(同学们应在课下将各个词的形式熟记。)
二、 形状相似的动词的误用
这类动词的误用主要是由于其拼法相同或相似、词根同或在不规则变化中因某些相似而引起。 1. lie与lay的区别
lie ---- lay ---- lain ---- lying lie ---- lied ---- lied ---- lying lay ---- laid ---- laid ---- laying
2. hang(悬挂)与hang(绞死、吊死)的区别 hang ----hung ---- hung ---- hanging hang ---- hanged ---- hanged ---- hanging 3. rise与raise
rise ---- rose ---- risen (vi.) raise ---- raised ---- raised (vt.)
4. experience(v. & n. 经历 n. 经验)与experiment(n. & v. 实验) 5. loose(松开、解开)与lose(丢失) 6. insist on(坚持)与stick to(坚持) 7. effect(n. 效果 v. 使有效)与affect(v. 影响),effort 三、 动词与其它词因词形相似而引起的误用 常见的词有:
accept ---- expert ---- except ---- expect advise ---- advice / practice ---- practice bath ---- bathe / breath ---- breathe choose ---- choice
pass ---- passed ---- past succeed ---- success ---- successful ---- successfully 四、 常用动词的词义与搭配 ? HAVE 1. have sth. done have sb. (sth.) doing have sb. do
have sb. (sth.) done / doing ? / do ? 用在否定句中have可表示“允许、忍受、容忍”。 e.g. We’ll not have you tell him what to do.(不允许) They can’t have that sort of thing happening.(容忍) I’ve never had anything said against her.(不容忍)
2. 表示“有”时带不定式做定语表“将来”,带分词做定语表“正在进行”
【比较】He has a lot of work to do. (带to的不定式做定语,逻辑主语是句子主语,to do与work之间是动宾关系且不定式为及物动词或相当于及物动词(vi.+介)的主动式)
I’ll go to the post office; do you have a letter to be posted?(post不是由句子主语执行,故用及物或相当
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于及物动词的被动式) ? MAKE
1. 句型:make + 宾语,make + 双宾语,make + 宾语 + 名词,make + 宾语 + adj.,make + it + adj. / n. +to do sth. / that-clause,make sb. / sth. do, make sth. / oneself done
2. 短语:
make an apology to ?;make a face;make a living;make a mistake;make a speech(作演讲);make friends with;make fun of;make room for;make use of;make the best of(尽量利用、善用);make preparations for;make sentences with;make repairs;make great / rapid progress;make trouble(引起麻烦);make one’s way(前进、行进);make up one’s mind;make up(构成、弥补、虚构、打扮);make sure / certain;make a bed(铺床);make a decision;make a discovery;make a journey;make a plan for;make an effort(努力);make difference(区别);make laws(制订法律);make tea(沏茶);make a record(录制唱片);make money;make a choice(进行选择);make a suggestion(提建议),make war(开战) ? DO
注意do和make:一般说来,“do”含有“进行某项活动”的意思,而“make”含有“造出新东西”的意思。
do business(做买卖),do sb. a favour,do some / much / my cooking,do wrong,do sb. good / harm / wrong(do good to sb.)(对??有益/有害/冤枉),do the room(整理房间),do away with(取消、废除),do copies(复制),do one’s hair(做头发),do one’s duty,do the opposite(做相反的事),do the deed(生效) ? GO
go upstairs,go to prison,go to sea (去航海),go to the sea(去海滨),go to the cinema / movie / pictures,go shopping,be gone((人)不在、走了;(物)丢失、用完了),go hungry,go by((时间)过去;经过(地点)),go down(下去;(船等的)下沉),go on((时间)过去、流逝(相当于go by);继续),go out(出去;(灯或火的)熄灭),go over,go on doing sth.,go on to do sth.,go on with sth.,go for a walk,go a visit to,go to college ? SUPPOSE 1. 表“认为、猜想”时否定、疑问、回答的方式。 e.g. I suppose he’ll trouble you again, won’t he? He doesn’t suppose you are right, does he?
简略答语常说:I suppose so / I don’t suppose so (I suppose not.) 具备这种用法的词还有:think, imagine, believe
注意:常说I hope so (not), I’m afraid so (not), I fear so (not), I’m sure so (not). 2. 作插入语 e.g. Who do you suppose telephoned me yesterday?
3. 接复合宾语用to be做补足语,不用to do结构,但有时可用完成式或进行式。 e.g. I suppose him to be fifty.
She was supposed to have left home / to be writing. 4. be (not) supposed to do “应当(不应该)”
e.g. He was supposed to arrive there an hour ago.(是否到不知道,表示按道理应该??) He should have come an hour ago.(表责备,说明没有按时到)
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比较:1)He is supposed to be a student. 2)He is supposed to come early. 5. 提出建议,请求
Suppose we go / went for a walk? = What about us going for a walk?(用went语气更婉转) 6. 假设
Suppose / Supposing that he comes, what shall we do? ? CONSIDER
1. consider + 宾语(名词、代词、从句、动名词或不定式的疑问式) 考虑 2. consider + 宾语 + 宾补(名词、形容词、不定式to be或to have done)认为 3. consider it + 名词或形容词 + to do sth.
4. consider ? as ? 比较:take ? as ? 与take ? for ? 五、常用动词的词义与搭配 ? CATCH
1. 抓住 catch sb. by the arm,catch sb. by surprise(乘其不备抓住??) 2. 钩住、挂住 She caught her dress on the nail. = Her dress got caught on the nail. 3. 染(患)上;搭(赶)上(交通工具);听(懂、清) catch a cold,catch the bus,catch what you said,catch up with
4. 偶然(突然)撞见、发觉;偶然碰上(风雨等),常用被动结构。 catch sb. stealing money,be / get caught in / by the storm ? GIVE
give a concert,give lessons to,give a lecture,give sb. advice on ?,give sb. a message,give sb. a ring,give a report to sb.(向??汇报),give birth to(产仔),give medical care to(对??进行治疗),give out(耗尽),give off(发出(光、热等)),give up,give away(泄露),give one’s life for(为??而献身),give in ? TAKE
take pictures / photographs / photos,take a seat,take aim(瞄准),take an interest in(对??发生兴趣),take notes(记笔记),take notice(注意),take one’s chance(抓住机会),take one’s leave(告辞),take office,take pity on(怜悯),take steps(采取措施),take the chair(主持开会),take it easy(别着急),take sides in(站在??一边),take one’s time(不急),take turns to do sth.,take one’s temperature,take one’s place,take ? for example,take charge of,take pride in,take an action(采取行动),take off,take away,take up,take hold of,take a message for,take great trouble to do sth.,take examinations,take it for granted that ?(认为??当然),take sth. by mistake(错拿某物) ? CALL
call at ( some place ),call on sb. / call on sb. to do sth.,call for,call in (a doctor),call out,call up,call for help,call / draw one’s attention to(引起某人注意某事) ? COME 1. come to
e.g. When I came to cooking, he showed great interest. (谈到) We came to know this. (get to know = begin to know) He came to see you. (=came and saw) Finally it came to (itself). (苏醒)
The book came to how to learn English. (涉及) It comes to the same thing. (结果是)
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