欧洲侵权行为法基本原则(于 敏（译） 毕小青（校）)

(3) 损害风险的高低视损害的严重性和发生的可能性而定。

(4) This Article does not apply to an activity which is specifically subjected to strict liability by any other provision of these Principles or any other national law or international convention. (4) 本条不得适用于本原则其他条款、国内法或国际条约明确规定了严格责任的活动。 Art. 5:102. Other strict liabilities 第5：102条 其他严格责任

(1) National laws can provide for further categories of strict liability for dangerous activities even if the activity is not abnormally dangerous.

(1) 国内法可以对更多种类的危险活动规定严格责任，即使该活动并非异常危险。 (2) Unless national law provides otherwise, additional categories of strict liability can be found by analogy to other sources of comparable risk of damage.

(2) 除非国内法另有规定，可将本规定以类推方式适用于其他同类损害风险，从而增加严格责任种类。

Chapter 6. Liability for others 第6章 对他人的责任

Art. 6:101. Liability for minors or mentally disabled persons 第6：101条 对未成年人或精神障碍者的责任

A person in charge of another who is a minor or subject to mental disability is liable for damage caused by the other unless the person in charge shows that he has conformed to the required standard of conduct in supervision.

未成年人或精神障碍者的照管者，对其所照管的人引起的损害负责，除非照管者能够证明其照管行为遵守了所要求的标准。 Art. 6:102. Liability for auxiliaries 第6：102条 辅助者的责任

(1) A person is liable for damage caused by his auxiliaries acting within the scope of their functions provided that they violated the required standard of conduct.

(1) 任何人都应对其辅助者在职权范围内违反被要求的行为标准造成的损害负责任。 (2) An independent contractor is not regarded as an auxiliary for the purposes of this Article. (2) 独立承揽人不作为本条的辅助者对待。 TITLE IV. Defences 第4篇 抗辩

Chapter 7. Defences in general 第7章 一般的抗辩

Art. 7:101. Defences based on justifications 第7：101条 基于正当化事由的抗辩

(1) Liability can be excluded if and to the extent that the actor acted legitimately (1) 行为人在以下情况下的正当行为可被免责：

a) in defence of his own protected interest against an unlawful attack (self-defence),

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a) 为保护其自身利益免受非法攻击（自卫）， b) under necessity, b) 在不得已的情况下，

c) because the help of the authorities could not be obtained in time (self-help), c) 因不能及时获得公权力机关救济（自力救助），

d) with the consent of the victim, or where the latter has assumed the risk of being harmed, or d) 经受害人承诺，或者受害人接受被损害的风险，或者 e) by virtue of lawful authority, such as a licence. e) 根据合法授权，如许可证。

(2) Whether liability is excluded depends upon the weight of these justifications on the one hand and the conditions of liability on the other.

(2) 能否被免责一方面取决于抗辩事由的重要性，另一方面取决于具体责任的条件。 (3) In extraordinary cases, liability may instead be reduced. (3) 在特殊情况下，责任可予以减缩。 Art. 7:102. Defences against strict liability 第7：102条 对严格责任的抗辩

(1) Strict liability can be excluded or reduced if the injury was caused by an unforeseeable and irresistible

(1) 如损害是由以下不可预见和不可抗拒的原因引起的，则可减免严格责任： a) force of nature (force majeure), or a) 自然力（不可抗力），或 b) conduct of a third party. b) 第三者行为

(2) Whether strict liability is excluded or reduced, and if so, to what extent, depends upon the weight of the external influence on the one hand and the scope of liability (Article 3:201) on the other.

(2) 严格责任是否可被减免，以及可以减到何种程度，一方面取决于外部的影响的重要性，另一方面取决于责任的范围（第3：201条） 。

(3) When reduced according to paragraph (1)(b), strict liability and any liability of the third party are solidary in accordance with Article 9:101 (1)(b).

(3) 当依据本条(1) （b） 项减缩责任时，严格责任与第三者的其他责任依据第9：101条(1) （b）项 为连带责任。

Chapter 8. Contributory conduct or activity 第8章 有作用的行为或活动

Art. 8:101. Contributory conduct or activity of the victim 第8：101条 受害人有作用的行为或活动

(1) Liability can be excluded or reduced to such extent as is considered just having regard to the victim’s contributory fault and to any other matters which would be relevant to establish or

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reduce liability of the victim if he were the tortfeasor.

(1) 在受害人对过错的作用和如果受害人是侵权人等其他影响确定或者减缩受害人责任的相关范围内，责任可被免除或减缩。

(2) Where damages are claimed with respect to the death of a person, his conduct or activity excludes or reduces liability according to para. 1.

(2) 损害赔偿涉及当事人死亡的，可依据本条（1）款根据该死亡者的行为或活动免除或减缩责任。

(3) The contributory conduct or activity of an auxiliary of the victim excludes or reduces the damages recoverable by the latter according to para. 1.

(3) 受害人的辅助者对损害的发生发挥作用的行为或活动，依据本条1，得免除或减缩受害人可被回复的赔偿金。 TITLE V. Multiple Tortfeasors 第5篇 多个侵权行为人 Chapter 9. Multiple Tortfeasors 第9章 多个侵权行为人

Art 9:101 Solidary and several liability: relation between victim and multiple tortfeasors 第9：101条 连带和单独的责任：受害人与多个侵权行为人的关系

(1) Liability is solidary where the whole or a distinct part of the damage suffered by the victim is attributable to two or more persons. Liability is solidary where:

(1) 受害人遭受的全部或可明确区分的部分损害可以归因于两个或两个以上行为人时，行为人负连带责任。下列情况下行为人负连带责任：

a) a person knowingly participates in or instigates or encourages wrongdoing by others which causes damage to the victim; or

a) 有意参与，或教唆、怂恿他人实施不法行为，致使受害人遭受损害者；或 b) one person’s independent behaviour or activity causes damage to the victim and the same damage is also attributable to another person.

b) 一人独立的行为或活动引起受害人的损害，而同一损害也可归因于另一人。 c) a person is responsible for damage caused by an auxiliary in circumstances where the auxiliary is also liable.

c) 在一个人的辅助者对所引起损害应负责任的情况下，该人对辅助者引起的损害负责任。

(2) Where persons are subject to solidary liability, the victim may claim full compensation from any one or more of them, provided that the victim may not recover more than the full amount of the damage suffered by him.

(2) 当数人承担连带责任时，只要赔偿总额不超过受害人所遭受损害，受害人可向其中任何一人或多人请求全部赔偿。

(3) Damage is the same damage for the purposes of paragraph (1)(b) above when there is no reasonable basis for attributing only part of it to each of a number of persons liable to the victim.

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For this purpose it is for the person asserting that the damage is not the same to show that it is not. Where there is such a basis, liability is several, that is to say, each person is liable to the victim only for the part of the damage attributable to him.

(3) 在无合理基础只将损害的一部分归责于对受害人负责任的数人中的每一个人时，损害与上述(1) （b） 款的损害相同。主张该损害与上述损害不同必须证明这种不同。只要有这种合理基础，责任就是单独的，即每人只对受害人损害中被归责于他的相应部分负责。 Art 9:102 Relation between persons subject to solidary liability 第9：102条 连带责任人的相互关系

(1) A person subject to solidary liability may recover a contribution from any other person liable to the victim in respect of the same damage. This right is without prejudice to any contract between them determining the allocation of the loss or to any statutory provision or to any right to recover by reason of subrogation [cessio legis] or on the basis of unjust enrichment.

(1) 承担了连带责任的人，可以向对受害人的同一损害负责任的任何一人追偿。这一权利不影响当事人之间决定损失分配的合同，或者任何法律规定，或者因法定代位（法定让与） 或基于不当得利的追偿权。

(2) Subject to paragraph (3) of this Article, the amount of the contribution shall be what is considered just in the light of the relative responsibility for the damage of the persons liable, having regard to their respective degrees of fault and to any other matters which are relevant to establish or reduce their liability. A contribution may amount to full indemnification. If it is not possible to determine the relative responsibility of the persons liable they are to be treated as equally responsible.

(2) 在不违反本条第(3)的条件下，该偿还额应根据各责任人对损害的相对责任，以及他们各自的过错程度和其他与确立或减缩其责任有关的事项，公平确定。偿还额可以是全额补偿。如果不能确定责任人的相对责任份额，就应按照负均等责任处理。

(3) Where a person is liable for damage done by an auxiliary under Article 9:101 he is to be treated as bearing the entire share of the responsibility attributable to the auxiliary for the purposes of contribution between him and any tortfeasor other than the auxiliary.

(3) 根据第9：101条对辅助者引起的损害承担责任的人，在他和除他的辅助者之外的其他侵权行为人的责任分配关系上，应当被认为承担其辅助者全部责任份额。

(4) The obligation to make contribution is several, that is to say, the person subject to it is liable only for his apportioned share of responsibility for the damage under this Article; but where it is not possible to enforce a judgment for contribution against one person liable his share is to be reallocated among the other persons liable in proportion to their responsibility.

(4) 偿还债务是分担的单独债务，即偿还债务人按照本条规定仅对损害中其应承担的部分负责任；但是，在无法对责任人中的一人执行判决所认定偿还义务时，他的分担部分应在其他责任人之间按他们应负责任的比例进行再分配。 TITLE VI. Remedies 第6篇 救济方式

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