外研版初中英语初三总复习中考冲刺四：阅读理解技巧(基础讲解)

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在此处具有“施工”的含义。故选C。 4．B。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The Sydney Opera House cost around ＄100 million and was paid for by the public.”可知，悉尼歌剧院的建设费用完全来自于公共开支。

5．D。主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了悉尼歌剧院的设计、规模等，都是围绕悉尼歌剧院而写的。因此“The Sydney Opera House”是最好的标题。 （4） 简单的推理判断题：

考查学生根据短文的内容进行简单的判断或推理的能力。中考阅读理解不仅要读懂一个个的句子，而且要理解这些句子之间的内在联系。如果上下文之间存在未充分表达的内容，学生就应该充分激活头脑中的知识和经验，根据字面意思和句子的意思，通过语篇逻辑关系来研究细节的暗示、推敲作者的态度、理解文章的寓意。这就是我们平时所说的深层理解。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠于原文，要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知的知识来推断未知的知识，不能凭空想象、随意推测；它要求考生对文章的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，才能有推理的前提和基础。 判断推理题常见的设问方式：

1) It can be inferred /concluded that ＿＿＿.

2) Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage? 3 The writer suggests that ＿＿＿.

4 The writer probably feels that ＿＿＿.

5 From the passage, we can see ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿. 实例说明：

Take a class at Dulangkou School, and you’ll see lots of things different from other schools. You can see the desks are not in rows and students sit in groups. They put their desks together so they’re facing each other. How can they see the blackboard? There are three blackboards on the three walls of the classroom!

The school calls the new way of learning “Tuantuanzuo”, meaning sitting in groups. Wei Liying, a Junior teacher, said it was to give students more chance to communicate.

Each group has five or six students, according to Wei, and they play different roles (角色). There is a team leader who takes care of the whole group. There is a “study leader” who makes sure that everyone finishes their homework. And there is a discipline (纪律) leader who makes sure that nobody chats in class.

Wang Lin is a team leader. The 15-year-old said that having to deal with so many things was tiring. “I just looked after my own business before,” said Wang. “But now I have to think about my five group members.”

But Wang has got used to it and can see the benefits (好处) now.

“I used to speak too little. But being a team leader means you have to talk a lot. You could even call me an excellent speaker today.”

Zhang Qi, 16, was weak in English. She used to get about 70 in English tests. But in a recent test, Zhang got a grade of more than 80. “I rarely（很少）asked others when I had problems with my English. But now I can ask the team leader or study leader. They are really helpful.”

We can tell from the story that some students __________ this new way of learning. A. get benefits from B. are tired of C. cannot get used to D. hate 【解析】：

A。写作意图推断题。从短文的作者写作意图可以判断作者是告诉人们杜朗口中学的学生从这种

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新的教学方法中得到益处。所以选择A。 2. 阅读理解的解题技巧：

（1）事实细节题的方法和技巧：

1）详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；论述题则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。

2）抓住文章的脉络和每一段中心，后面都是围绕这个中心展开分析，把握了文章的脉络后，相对来说定位就比较方便，解答细节题和主旨题就很方便了。

3）学会瞻前顾后和左顾右盼方法来理解细节题目，也就是从短文的上下联系来找到解决问题的关键细节。 4）注意引出细节的信息词，如：for example, an example of, the most important example, first, second, next, then, last, finally, to begin with, also, besides等。 （2）推理判断题的方法和技巧：

阅读理解题中难度最大且出现频率很高的是推理判断题，这种题要求考生根据文章中出现的暗示， 抓住内含语义，用逻辑思维的方法加以整理，然后做出合理的判断。推理的方法大致可分为：简 单推理和复杂推理。 1）简单推理

所谓简单推理就是以表面文字为前提，以具体事实为依据进行推理，做出判断。这种推理方式比 较直接，只要弄清事实，即可结合常识推断出合理的结论。 2）复杂推理

复杂推理不但要以文字为依据，而且还要以文章的语境、内涵为前提。这是一种间接而复杂的逻 辑推理方式。考生要推断出文章没有表明但又合乎逻辑的推理，就必须由表及里地归纳或演绎。 下面是几种复杂的推理方法：

★ 推测作者的写作目的和意图，此类的设题形式有： The purpose in writing this text is to . The author in this passage intends to .

★ 推测作者的写作目的,必须要先了解文章的主题,然后分析作者的论述方法、论述的重点和材料的安排。

★ 推测文章的观点或结论，此类设题形式有 : It can be inferred from the passage that . From the passage we can conclude that . 这类问题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推 测出文中的某一观点，仍离不开对全文主要观点或中心思想的把握。 3）推断文章的出处，设题形式有 : The passage is most likely to be taken from . The passage is most likely a part of .

这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处： 报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称； 广告：因其格式和语言特殊，容易辨认；

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（3）单词猜测词义的方法和技巧：

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1） 根据上下文猜测词意 2）根据构词法猜测词意

在阅读文章时，总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解 又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便 不难解决了。例如：

前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant等。 后缀- ment表名词，如develop、development，state、statement，argue、argument等。 后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词，如calculate/ calculator; visit/ visitor; law/ lawyer; wait/waiter; science/ scientist; art/ artist等。 3） 通过因果关系猜词。

首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因后果。 4）通过句法功能来推测词义。例如： Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples 和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难 看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果， 准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。 5）通过描述猜词。

描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物做出的外在相貌或内在特征 的描写。例如：

The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.

从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活 习性。

（4）主旨大意题的方法和技巧：

在做主旨大意题时,不管是哪一种题型,关键的一步是要找出主题句或和主题有关的关键词,从而把握文章的主旨(main idea)。 1）议论、说明体裁的文章

在议论文和说明文中,文章的主题通常出现在首段或末段。第一段的作用通常是给出作者的观点或引出将要介绍的事物,而末段的作用通常是总结全文、重申论点。 例如：

Our neighborhood has really changed. When I last visited there, about half of the houses had been torn down (拆除)to make way for a highway. The rest of the buildings were covered with billboards (宣传板)and surrounded by traffic signs and garbage. Now the whole neighborhood has become dirty, noisy and full of cars. 【分析】

本段第一句话的概括性最强,指出环境发生了巨大变化。其他几句话分别具体说明都发生了哪些变化,以及现在的样子。因此,第一句为本段的主题句。 2）记叙体裁的文章

记叙文通常按时间先后或事情发展的顺序来叙述。寻找这类文章的主题时也要特别留意首段和末段,因为作者有时会在叙述事件之前或之后流露出自己对它的看法和情感,而这正是解题的关键。还有些情况下,文中没有明确的主题句,即主题隐含在行文之中。必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节进行全面考虑,综合分析。这时要注意表示时间和顺序的词语,以把握事情发展的脉络。还要特别留意那些概括情节和中心的动词,或者反映人物特点的形容词等,这样才能猜测出作者在用词、语

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气之中流露出的隐含信息。 例如：

Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia (栀子花) was delivered to my house. No card ever came with it. Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while I stopped trying to find out the sender’s name and was just pleased with the beautiful white flower, in soft pink paper.

I never stopped imagining (想像) who the giver might be, though. Some of my happiest moments were spent daydreaming about the sender. My mother encouraged these daydreams. She’d ask me if I had been especially kind to someone. Perhaps it was the old man across the street. I’d delivered his mail during the winter. As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy that I had met.

One month before my graduation, my father died. I was so sad that I became completely uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didn’t care whether I had a new dress or not. My mother, in her own sadness, however, would not let me miss any of those things. She wanted her children to feel loved. In fact, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia: lovely, strong and perfect, with perhaps a bit of mystery (神秘).

My mother died ten days after I was married. I was 22. That was the year the gardenias stopped coming.

Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. A Childhood Dream B. A Mother’s Love C. A Graduation Party D. A Special Birthday 【分析】

本文写的是一位母亲在自己女儿成长的过程中以一种独特的方式——每年在女儿生日那天，不署名送女儿栀子花来表达对女儿的爱。本篇文章是围绕爱展开,开头写暗送女儿栀子花,并鼓励女儿去想象美好。当女儿遇到挫折时,母亲鼓励女儿要勇敢地面对困难。尽管文章中并没有出现主题句,但是以上这些关键信息充分说明了B项“A Mother’s Love”是正确项。 总之做主旨大意题要注意下面技巧：

1. 快速有重点地浏览(skimming)全文。从整体上把握文章的结构、逻辑关系、问题的指向等。在快速浏览时，不纠缠文章中与主旨无关的细节(如某些数字或专有名词等)，以保持阅读的连贯性，把注意力集中于主题句的关键词语上，必要时在重要词句下面画线标注。

2. 选择文章标题时，既要排除过于具体或断章取义、以偏概全的标题，又要排除范围太大、空洞、不着边际的标题，还要警惕以事实、细节替代抽象、概括的大意的情况。

3. 推断作者写作目的时，要站在作者的立场想问题，切忌将自己的观点强加于作者。当文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如：but, yet, however, although等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息。 4. 必须看清题目，要求回答的是“全文主旨”还是“段落主旨”；推断的是“作者的观点、意图”还是“别人的观点、意图”。

3. 阅读正误判断和任务型阅读

以上涉及到的都是在中考题中出现最多的选择型阅读测试题的做题技巧。除此之外，还有阅读正 误判断题和任务型阅读题两种考查形式。

阅读正误判断题，难度逐渐降低，一般试题在短文中可以直接找到答案，也可以用上述的方法来 做题。

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