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39. In the nineteenth century a number of Native American tribe, such as the A B Comanche, lived a nomadic existence hunting buffalo. C D

40. The average elevation of West Virginia is about 1,500 foot above sea level. A B C D

This is the end of section 2.

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Questions 1-9

The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing

mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are

5 not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.

Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent

environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit

of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in the

10 trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.

Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for

insects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food,

15 by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight

of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that

fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon’s face. Walking or leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving

20

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the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food

with their hands.

Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large

25 climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from one tree crown to the next that typify the

high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a limb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals the supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that

yield these foods can be sparse.

1. The passage answers which of the 2. following questions?

(A) How is the rain forest different

from other habitats?

(B) How does an animal’s body

size influence an animal’s need for food?

(C) Why does rain forest provide

provide an unusual variety of food for animals?

(D) Why do large animals tend to

dominate the upper canopy of the rain forest?

Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?

(A) Monkeys (B) Cats

(C) Porcupines (D) Mice

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3. The word ―they‖ in line 4 refers to 6. The word ―typify‖ in line 19 is

(A) trees closest in meaning to (B) climbing mammals of

moderately large size (A) resemble (C) smaller species (B) protect (D) high tropical canopies (C) characterize (D) divide 4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the small 7. According to paragraph 4, what mammals in the rain forest? makes jumping from one tree (A) They have body shapes that crown

are adapted to life in the to another difficult for small canopy. mammals? (B) They prefer the temperature

and climate of the canopy to (A) Air friction against the body that of other environments. surface. (C) They have difficulty with the (B) The thickness of the branches.

changing conditions in the (C) The dense leaves of the tree canopy. crown. (D) They use the trees of the (D) The inability to use the front

canopy for shelter from heat feet as hands. and cold.

8. The word ―supplement‖ in line 24 5. In discussing animal size in is paragraph 3, the author indicates closest in meaning to that (A) small animals require (A) control

proportionately more food (B) replace than larger animals do. (C) look for (B) a large animal’s size is an (D) add to

advantage in obtaining food in the canopy. 9. Which of the following terms is (C) Small animals are often defined in the passage?

attacked by larger animals in the rain forest. (A) canopy (line 1) (D) Small animals and large (B) warm blooded (line 5)

animals are equally adept at (C) terminal leaves (line 13) obtaining food in the canopy. (D) springboard (line 21)

Questions 10 – 19 During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contribution of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed

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United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant poetry 5

in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary history

of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing she

exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the

United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. During these 10

centuries, women remained invisible in history books.

Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts

of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts,

were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical 15

in their selection and use of sources.

During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of

history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National,

20 regional, and local women’s organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal

correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources

form the core of the two greatest collections of women’s history in the United States –

one at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radeliffe College, and the other the 25

Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials

for later generations of historians.

Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth

century, most of the writing about women conformed to the ―great women‖ theory of 30

history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on ―great men‖. To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women’s right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great mass of ordinary women. The lives of ordinary people continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.

10. What does the passage mainly discuss ? 11.The word ―contemporary‖ in line 5

(A) The role of literature in early means that the history was

American histories. (B) The place of American women in (A) informative

written histories. (B) written at that time (C) The keen sense of history shown (C) thoughtful

By American women. (D) faultfinding (D) The ―great women‖ approach to

History used by American historians.

12. In the first paragraph, Bradstreet, 16. On the basis of information in the Warren, and Adams are mentioned third paragraph, which of the to show that following, would most likely have

(A) a woman’s status was been collected by

changed nineteenth-century by marriage. feminist organizations? (B) even the contributions of (A) Newspaper accounts of

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