2015年6月英语四级答案及解析(第二套)

B)EDX．the nonprofit enterprise founded by Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of TechnologY(MIT)to offer courses on the Internet．has just introduced such a system and will make its automated(自动的)software available free on the Web to any institution that wants to use it． The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers,freeing professors for other tasks

48．The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software．

M)Last year the Hewlett Foundation，a grant—making organization set up by one of the Hewlett—Packard founders and his wife． sponsored two $100．000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers．More than 150 teams entered each category．A winner of one of the Hewlett contests，Vik Paruchuri，was hired by EDX to help design its assessment software．

49．Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple—choice tests automated essay grading is still criticized by many educators．

C)The new service will bring the educational consortium(联盟)into a growing conflict over the role of automation in education．Although automated grading systems for multiple．．choice and true—false tests are now widespread，the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade essay answer．Has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics．

50．Some people don’t befieve the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders．

E)But skeptics(怀疑者)say the automated system is no match for live teachers． One longtime critic，Les Perelman，has drawn national attention several times for putting together nonsense essays that have fooled software grading programs into giving high marks．He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software c0mpares well to human graders．

51．Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities．

Q)“Often they come from very famous institutions where， in fact，they do a much better job of providing feedback than a machine ever could，”Dr．Shermissaid．\seems t0 bealack 0f appreciation of What is actually going on in the real world\．

52．Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs．

G)“Let’S face the realities of automatic essay scorin9，”the group’S statement reads in part．“Computers cannot ‘read’They cannot measure the essentials o effectivewrittenc0mmnicati0n；accuracy, reas0，ningade quacy of evidence,good sense,ethical (伦理的)position，convincing argument，meaningful organization,and clarity among others．\．

53．As class size grows，most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writin9．

P)Withincreasingly large classes,it is impossible for m0stteachersto9ivestudents meaningful feed backon writing assignments,he said．Plus，he noted，critics of the technology have tended to come from the nation’S best universities，where the level of teaching is much better than at most schools．

54．The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders．

J)EDX is not the first to use the automated assessnlent technology，which dates to early computers in the l960s． There is now a range of companies offering commercial programs to grade written test answers．and four states Louisiana，North Dakota，Utah and West Virginia--are using some form of the technology in secondary schools． A fifth。Indiana．has experimented with it．In some cases the software is used as a\reader,\check the reliability of the human graders．

55．Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably．

D)Anant Agarwal，an electrical engineer who is president of EDX． predicted that the instant—grading software would be a useful teaching tool，enabling students to take tests and write essays over and over and improve the quality of their answers．He said the technology would offer distinct advantages over the traditional classroom systern．where students often wait days or weeks for grades． “There is a huge value in learning with instant feedback，”Dr．Agarwal said．“Students are telling as they learn much better with instant feedback．”

(56)关于“工作-生活平衡”的无休止的争论经常包括一个给人希望的注释，那就是全职父亲。如果美国社会和企业不会给那些决定当妈妈的未来女性领导者更多方便的话，仍然能够带来一丝希望的是越来越多的全职父亲会给她们更多便利。(57)但是基于现在的社会经济趋势，不幸的是，这种希望是被误导的。

(57)近十年里放弃工作成为全职父亲的人数翻倍的确是事实，但是这个数字仍然很小：已婚家庭中只有0．8％的全职父亲能够坚持离开工作岗位长达一年时间。甚至这个比率中还包含着因为企业精简裁员而不得不退居家庭的男士。要减少社会污名，这个群体根本不够大，而且需要迫使做出其他必要的调整来支持男性做出这个决定，即使是在相对短的时间内。 对于上班族父亲而言，即使是更短一点时间不工作都是困难的。一项研究发现85％的新生儿父亲会在孩子刚出生之后休息一段时间——但总共仅仅几天，最多一至两个星期。同时，产后的女性平均会休息十周以上的时间：

(58)这样的选择会影响到那些在组织中希望晋升的人。当你离开的时候，其他人会承担你的工作，替你完成销售，照顾你的客户。这些并不能有助于你的工作。这只能伤害你。当然，女性在很长时间的脱岗之后回岗会面临相同的问题。(59)但是，由于相比男性，会有更多的女性选择完全离职来照顾家庭，所以休完延长的产假之后堕归工作的女性所引起的惊讶并不会多于男性。

如果女性员工离开工作而不切断自己的职业轨迹的话，或者高薪职业更有利于家庭生活，她们会得到更多。(60)在可以预见的未来，全职父亲可能会给个体家庭带来改变，但是他们的存在并不能减少那些在工作和家庭之间被迫做选择的很有潜力的女性的数量。

56．B.

57．C.