《英语词汇学》知识点归纳

Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法)

1.Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：the formation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem.

（1）Prefixation(前缀法)：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems. 1)Negative prefixes(否定前缀): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey(not obey) 2)Reversative prefixes（逆反前缀）: un-,de-，dis- etc. unwrap(open)

3) Pejorative prefixes: mis（贬义前缀）：mis-， mal-, pseudo- etc.misconduct(bad behaviour)

4) Prefixes of degree or size(程度前缀)：

arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight

5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude（倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro- etc.anti-nuclear

6)Locative prefixes（方位前缀）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary(more than ordinary)

7) Prefixes of time and order（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail(one rail)

8) Number prefixes（数字前缀）:uni-，mono-, bi-，di-, tri-,multi-，poly- ，semi-，etc.bilingual(concerning two languages)

9) Miscellaneous prefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.vice-chairman(deputy chairman)

(2)Suffixation（后缀法）: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems. 1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixes

2.Compounding复合法 （also called composition）

Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems Compounds are written in three ways: solid连写(airmail)，hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)and open分开写(air force, air raid) Formation of compounds（复合词的形式）

（1）noun compounds ：e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot

（2）adjective compounds ： e.g. acid + head = acid-head （3）verb compounds ： e.g. house + keep = housekeep

3.Conversion转类法

Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functional shift/zero-derivation）

4.Blending拼缀法

Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN

5.Clipping截短法

Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone. 四种形式： 1).Front clippings删节前面 (phone from telephone) 2).Back clippings删节后面 (dorm from dormitory)

3).Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza) 4).Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music)

6.Acronymy首字母缩写法

Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.

（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)

（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. E.g.:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)

7.Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）

Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It?s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. (greed from greedy)

8.Words From Proper Name(专有名词转成法):

Names of people, places, book, and tradenames (e.g.: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt（瓦特，电功率单位）

Chapter 5 Word Meaning

The meanings of “Meaning” (“意义”的意义)

Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.

Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.

Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ?The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.? Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.

1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）:words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. E.g.: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.

2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.: airmail, miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.

3)Semantic motivation（词义理据）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. E.g:the foot of the mountain(foot)

4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）:the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. E.g:pen-feather

Types of meaning(词义的类别)

1.Grammatical Meaning（语法意义）:indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context) 2.Lexical Meaning （词汇意义）

(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)

Lexical meaning has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)

1）Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.

2）Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. [4types:

（1） Connotative（内涵意义）：the overtones or associations suggested by the

conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来)

（2） Stylistic（文体意义）：many words have stylistic features, which make them

appropriate for different contexts.

（3） Affective（感情意义） ：indicates the speaker?s attitude towards the person or thing

in question.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative

（4） Collocative（搭配意义）：is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words

before or after the word in discussion.]

Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field （语义关系和语义场） Polysemy（多义关系）

Two approached to polysemy（多义关系的两种研究方法）:

1.diachronic approach(历时方法) ：from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings.

2. synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.基本意义是central meaning , 次要意义是derived meaning.