交通拥堵收费和城市交通系统的可持续发展毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献

在世界严重污染的城市名单中。交通运输对环境的影响，涵盖了不同的影响，包括空气污染，噪音，气候变化的范围，例如。汽车是城市空气和噪音污染的占主导地位的生产者，包括一氧化碳，氮氧化物和大气飘尘。这些污染物是关键因素，许多呼吸系统疾病，如哮喘，以及其他的影响人体健康的方面，如头疼，眼疾等症状。 据世界银行估计，在发展中国家，有0.5亿人每年死亡与于交通工具空气污染物排放有关，这是与交通事故类似的死亡人数，。

交通是不可替代的，因为它是生产链的一部分。出于这个原因，交通系统必须发展和标准化，运输服务的有效性，是必须增加的，同时必须减少或防止环境污染。 由于道路交通排放是一个复杂的系统，不能完全统一一个输出。从车辆样本分析不同的驾驶条件下的排放量这是自然的。加州空气资源委员会指出车辆的拥堵走走停停显著增加了排放量。作为一个例子，一个报告估计，10英里的路程，用普通的1987年的汽车，以55英里的速度运行HC排放废气的重量为1克，而HC在20英里的平均速度下的排放量是7克，典型的走走停停模式。

四、社会正义

可持续发展有三个广泛的目标：经济的可持续发展，环境保护和社会正义，这三个目标都要解决可持续发展这个问题。经济发展和环境保护的投入一直受到关注，但投入给社会正义的关注较少。社会正义（公平）包含的经济权益和环境权益。 经济公平的问题，造成交通拥堵收费是难以完全解决的。有些人认为道路收费是倒退，因为它更多地让承担较差的汽车用户，只需短距离行程的用户，或者是生活水平欠佳的用户，不管是什么原因，别无选择，只能乘车。这些参数可以通过制定更加灵活的收费制度，在一定程度上抵消。它已被接受的任何形式的道路收费将引入一些不公平现象。关键是要保持这些最低限度，并找到那些没有受益于交通拥堵收费的补偿方式。在实践中，收入最低的旅客，他们通常乘坐公共交通工具或徒步旅行，是最有可能受益的。

对于传统的运输系统，对汽油的税率是相同的，不管运输业的用户是否是在拥挤或非拥挤的时段行驶。拥挤收费是选择在交通高峰期间对拥挤设施的使用实施附加费，预计这样将减少这种不公平的

公平问题解决在运输已基本上涉及经济权益，包括公共交通和私人交通之间的

关系，对周边地区和弱势人口群体的拥塞定价的影响。但是，在运输方面环境权益的问题已经很少提及。运输产生的直接影响很多，如大气排放和噪音，也间接影响通过对污染设施的位置和影响的人的影响，。

环境公平是指环境质量的社会分配（特别是二氧化氮分布）。这是平等地获得一个干净的环境和对环境可能造成的危害，不论收入，阶级或其他鉴别特征的社会经济地位受到平等保护。交通规划者应该指出，减少拥堵水平和行程速度对整个设施的增加将有利于公共交通的使用者。

从环境公平的角度来看，交通拥堵收费的成效是敏感的社会经济特征的空间分布，因此最佳的方案设计的每个应用程序都会有所不同。可以看出，社会公正是最难解决得，实践表明，税收在道路定价中起着至关重要的作用。如果税收是回收投资，允许对公共交通工具的投资，或维持更高的服务水平，它有助于提供一个明确的选择，这既加强了模式的选择上的影响，并减少那些谁负责征收的关注。如果是用于改善道路基础设施，它可以看出，交通改道在控制区的优势体现。如果它是用来支付环境的改善，这将有助于加大道路收费。如何使用税收，改善城市交通系统的效率，在可持续发展中发挥了关键作用。 五、结论

随着持续增长的交通需求和道路基础设施的扩展范围减少，交通拥堵的现象是不会减少。作为一项重要的战略，拥挤收费是解决交通需求管理问题的重要途径，但因为经济发展，环境保护和社会正义的不确定影响，仍收到了强烈的社会和政治的反对。

本文回顾了交通拥堵收费和可持续交通运输系统的三个目标之间的关系，结果表明，交通拥堵收费是一种很有前途的交通管理策略，它可以促进城市经济发展，改善环境质量，减少不公平。电子不停车收费系统（ETC）技术的最新进展证明了交通拥堵收费技术上是可行的。可以预见的，未来几十年将看到越来越多的地方实施交通拥堵收费策略或将要实施交通拥堵收费的策略。交通拥堵收费的设计和评价，将需要一个可持续的发展，需要更深入的了解它带来的直接和间接影响。 鸣谢

这项工作是支持（2007F3078）福建省青年人才项目。期待有益的意见和建议，以改善本文。

附件2：外文原文

Congestion Pricing and Sustainable Development of Urban

Transportation system

Abstract

The rapid growth in urbanization and motorization generally contributes to an urban transportation system that is economically, environmentally and socially unsustainable. The result has been a relentless increase in traffic congestion. Road congestion pricing has been proposed many times as an economic measure to fight congestion in urban traffic, but has not seen widespread use in practice because of Some potential impacts of road pricing remain unknown. he paper first reviews the concept of sustainable transportation system, which should meet the goals of economic development, environmental protection and social justice collectively. And then, based on the characteristics of sustainable transportation system, how congestion pricing can contribute to economic growth, environmental protection and social justice is examined. Examination result shows that congestion pricing is a powerful way to promote the sustainable development of urban transportation system. 1、 Introduction

Urban transportation is a pressing concern in mega cities around the world. Along with China’s rapid development of urbanization and motorization, traffic jams has become a more and more serious problem, resulting in greater time delay, increase of energy consumption and air pollution, decrease of reliability of road network. In many cities traffic congestion is seen as a hindrance to economic development. Numerous methods can be used to address congestion and reduce transport density, including building new infrastructure, improving maintenance and operation of infrastructure, and using the existing infrastructure more efficiently through demand management strategies, including pricing mechanisms.

Congestion pricing has long been proposed as an effective measure to combat traffic congestion. The principle objective of congestion pricing is to alleviate congestion by implementing surcharge for the use selected congested facilities during peak time periods. By shifting some trips to off-peak periods, to routes away from congested facilities, or to higher-occupancy vehicles, or by discouraging some trips altogether, congestion pricing schemes would result in savings in time and operating costs, improvements in air quality, reductions in energy consumption and improvements in transit productivity. There are lots of successful applications in some countries and regions in the rest of the world. Following Singapore in the early 1970s and Norwegian toll rings in the mid-1980s, the city of London introduced its area toll in February 2003; up till now, it is the most well-known example of a large metropolitan area that has implemented congestion pricing.

However, congestion pricing has not seen widespread use in practice due to theoretical and political reasons. Some potential impacts of road pricing remain unknown, and the sustainability of congestion pricing for urban development requires further study. Sustainability is normally taken as basic objectives in the assessment of transportation policy. The idea of sustainable transportation emerges from the concept of sustainable development in the transport sector and can be defined as follows，“sustainable transportation infrastructure and travel policies that serve multiple goals of economic development, environment stewardship and social equity, have the objective to optimize the use of transportation systems to achieve economic and related social and environment goals, without sacrificing the ability of future generations to achieve the same goals”. Sustainable transportation systems require a dynamic balance between the main pillars of sustainable development, economic development, environmental protection and social justice for current and future generations.

In the context of sustainable transport systems, how congestion pricing can contribute to economic growth, environmental protection and social justice is examined in this paper. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. In section 2, the impacts of congestion pricing on economic development are described. Section 3 presents the contribution to environment protection, and the relationship between social justice and