四级写作技能要求

1a. The man who is coming over to fix the washer and dryer this morning. 2a. Whether the legislature passes the bill or not. 3a. The woman singing the haunting song.

4a. The beauty of the lake, the quiet solitude, the starlit night, and the lovely smell of the pine trees.

2.1.2 避免逗号误接句 （comma slices）和流水句 (run-on sentences) 例如：

The local tire plant shut down for the holiday, as a result, everyone had two weeks off. （逗号误接句）

We walked over to the waterfall slowly then we sat down to admire the beauty of the fall. (流水句)

2.1.3 注意代词指代 （pronoun reference）的一致、清楚 看下面的句子：

1a. Some people oppose college students doing part-time jobs. They think that these will affect their own studies.

2a. College students doing part-time jobs is good to his family, himself and the society. 3a. I will meet with lots of difficulties, but I think I can overcome it.

4. Students generally fare better when you are given instruction on taking lecture notes. You can

improve your note taking after getting help with the techniques.

2.1.4 避免误置修饰语 (misplaces modifiers) 和悬垂修饰语（dangling modifiers） 比如：

1． A truck tumbled down the street, gray with dirt.

2． Still plunged in the darkness of the superstition, legends of the mysterious East circulated

widely among medieval Europeans.

2.1.5 注意主谓一致 （subject-verb agreement）

（1） 集体名词（army, audience, class, company, committee, crowd, crew, couple, family,

government, group, party, population, staff, team, public, cabinet, village, council…）作主语，如果是指整体概念，谓语动词用单数；如果指具体成员，谓语动词用复数。例如：

1a. The population of the earth is increasing very fast. 1b. One third of the population here are workers. 2a. The class has been organized.

2b. The class were lining up in front of the building.

3a. In most cities in the U. S. A., the public travels by bus. 3b. The public now know the whole story.

（2） 单个的动词不定式短语、动名词短语或名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 （3） 表示时间、距离、价格等度量衡的复数名词或短语，如果强调其总和时，谓语动词

用单数。

（4） 单数名词作主语，后面紧跟as well as, rather than, but, except, besides, with,

accompanied by, along with, together with, like, in addition to, combined with等时， 谓语动词用单数。

（5） 用or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also…等连接的名词作主语时，谓语动词

按就近原则确定。

2.2写出有效地句子。（effective sentence） 2.2.1 句子要简洁 （concise）

（1） 把定语从句压缩成短语或单词。

Wordy: Josephine Baker, who was the first black woman to become an international star, was born poor in St. Louis in 1906.

Concise: Josephine Baker, the first black woman to become an international star, was born poor in St. Louis in 1906.

Wordy: Many were drawn by her vitality, which was infectious. Concise: Many were drawn by her infectious vitality.

(2) 删除诸如it is …that…, there is/are/were/was…that/who…等填充性、无意义的结构。 Wordy: There were many reasons why Josephine Baker was more successful in Europe than in America.

Concise: Josephine Baker was more successful in Europe than in America for many reasons.

Wordy: It is because Europeans in the 1920s were interested in anything African that they so readily responded to Baker’s outrageous style.

Concise: Because Europeans in the 1920s were interested in anything African, they readily responded to Baker’s outrageous style.

（2） 删除意义模糊、抽象的词语，像名词area, aspect, case, character, element, factor, field,

kind, sort, thing, nature, scope, situation, quality, 形容词nice, important, good, interesting, bad, fine, weird, significant, central, major, 副词 basically, really, quite, very, definitely, actually, completely, literally, absolutely等。

Wordy: Those types of major disciplinary problems are really quite difficulty to solve.

Concise: Disciplinary problems are difficulty to solve. (Those types of major和 really quite 没有实在意义)

Wordy: Basically, she was definitely a nice person. Concise: She was friendly.

(1) 在句内或句子与句子之间， 如果多次提到一个名词，后面用代词指代前面的名

词。

Wordy: Yesterday, I bought a book. Because the book was interesting and instructive, I really enjoyed reading the book.

Concise: Yesterday, I bought a book. It was interesting and instructive, and I really enjoyed reading it.

2.2.2 句子结构要平行 （parallel） 例如：

1. I value a friend who is sweet, kind, and loving.

2. They waited four hours at the airport, reading and sleeping.

3. We saw Tom walking toward the river, taking off his clothes, and plunging into the water. 4. To know what is right and to do what is right are not the same thing.

5. I forgot that the bill was due on Monday and that the company would close my account if it

wasn’t paid.

6. I came here not because I would travel, but because I would look into the matter. 错误平行结构： 例：

1） He wants either to study English literature or study World History.

2） James Joyce’s Ulysses, a long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list, has

been banned by the school board. 又例： 3） When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcase, took showers, and then we went to sleep after eating our lunch.

4) You should strive to cooperate with your colleagues to bring about change, for improving communication and professional development. 又如：

1） A student needs textbooks, notebooks, and he needs pens.

2） The student wanted to know what the calculus problems were and the due date.

修饰语错置 （misplaced modifiers） 例如：

The final scene unites two characters, who, in the beginning, had hated each other in a beautiful way. Practice:

1. He killed the wasp that stung him with a newspaper.

2. Joanne decided to live with her grandparents when she attended college to save money. 3. I adopted a dog from a junkyard which is very close to my heart. 4. We could see the football stadium driving across the bridge.

5. I glared at the man who slipped ahead of me in the ticket line angrily. 6. Clyde saw a three-car accident going to work.

7. I noticed a gray, furry nest in a corner of the apartment built by a gigantic spider.

8. The father ordered the meal for his family ranging from fried shrimp to chopped beef.

Correct the errors in the following sentences:

1. Mrs. Smith’s dress was a cheerful red, but on the other hand, her husband dressed in severe

black.

2. Consequently sharks are heavier than water, they must swim continuously or they will sink to

the bottom.

3. Not having passed the law exam, the state refused to issue him a license to practice.

4. We should have been informed Janis about the change in plans regarding our weekend trip to

the mountains.

5. Today flint has small importance as an industrial product. 6. History is an important subject, I find it fascinating.

7. Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, offers convenience, and it is not very

expensive.

8. The performers danced while we joined hands with gusto. 9. Eating the hot dog, mustard dropped onto my blouse.

10. We have a swimming pool on our property we also have tennis courts. 11. His learning is as extensive as Paul.

12. He crossed the stream in a canoe, which was recently stocked with fish. 13. While watching the late movie, sleep overcame me.

段落篇 Part one

A General Introduction to English Writing Ⅰ: The importance of writing Ⅱ: Types of writing 2. Narration 3. Description 4. exposition 5. Argumentation Ⅲ: Writing Well

1. Writing for your readers 2. Good Writing Part Two

From Sentence to Paragraph Ⅰ: Sentence Structure P.5 Point out the fine sentences.

1. The man who had been standing by the door when she arrived. 2. Exhausted, the traveler reached home.

3. Running through the low meadows by the sliding river. 4. Tiptoeing to the crib, she kissed the sleeping baby. 5. Roger and Lester piling on at the goal line

6. Intelligent and hardworking, the girl passed the exam. 7. Young and ambitious, he aims high.

8. He is an independent devil. Thinks for himself. 9. To be loved. One must love. 10. Excellent!

11. How can I forgive him for what he said? While he goes on saying it. 12. Running down the street, my nose felt frozen.

13. After hiking all day, the mountain seemed no nearer. 14. The capital of China is my birthplace.

15. In despair, the girl turned to her friends for help. 16. She is very tall, she is also unusually graceful.

17. It was raining hard they could not work in the fields.

Loading Your Topic Sentence with a Strong Controlling Idea

A controlling idea is a word or a group of words that gives the main thought of a paragraph. These important words make up part of all of a topic sentence. A controlling idea helps both a reader and a writer. It helps a reader by telling what a paragraph’s main subject will be. It helps a writer by reminding him at all times to keep to the central idea as he writes a paragraph. Exercise:

1. Underline the words that express the controlling idea in these topic sentences.

1) You follow eight steps in changing an automobile tire. 2) Most successful movies have a few qualities in common.