cracking cet-4完形填空与翻译

This new NSF network 13____ more institutional users, many of 14_____ had their own internal networks. For example, most universities that 15_____ the NSF network had intracampus computer networks. The NSF network 16_____ became a connector for thousands of other networks. 17_____ a backbone system that interconnects networks, Internet was a name that fit.

So we can see that the Internet is the wired infrastructure (基础设施) on which web 18_____ move. It began as a military communication system, which expanded into a government-funded 19_____ research network.

Today, the Internet is a user-financed system tying intuitions of many sorts together 20_____ an “information superhighway”.

1. A. concise B. radical C. massive D. trivial

2. A. behaviors B. endeavor C. inventions D. element 3. A.. packed B. stuck C. suppressed D. bound

4. A. facilitated B. modified C. mobilized D. terminated 5. A. competitive B. comparative C. exclusive D. expensive 6. A. merges B. connect C. relays D. unifie

7. A. figures B. personalitie C. individuals D. human 8. A. and B. yet C. or D. while

9. A. samples B. source C. origins D. precedent

10. A. stood by B. stood for C. stood against D. stood over 11. A. exchange B. bypass C. switch D. interact 12. A. their B. that C. when D. whose

13. A. expanded B. contracted C. attracted D. extended 14. A. what B. which C. these D. them

15. A. joined B. attached C. participated D. involved 16. A. moreover B. however C. likewise D. then 17. A. With B. By C. In D. A

18. A. contexts B. sign C. messages D. leaflet 19. A. citizen B. civilian C. amateur D. resident 20. A. into B. amid C. over D. toward

Keys:1-5 CBDAD 6-10 BCACB 11-15 ADCBA 16-20 DDCAA

翻译

题型介绍：

翻译须符合英语的语法结构和表达习惯,要求用词准确。

汉译英试题难度应该说是较低的,属于应该争取拿分的基础题目.较其他可能出现的主观题目而言，汉译英不像选词填空那样同时考察对上下文的理解，也不像复合式听写那样需要将相当大的经历分散到听的方面，无非就是五个难度中等的词组或从句的英语表达，这比写作一篇英文文章要容易很多。

命题趋势：

词汇语法为主要考点:

翻译主要是为了更好地考察对原文的理解能力，英文的表达能力和语言的组织能力这三方面的综合运用。考点主要集中在语法结构，重点词汇和固定搭配上。 而语法考点大多数是以前词汇语法考题考点（改革前）的重现和转移，这一点要引起重视，因为考点是一致的。核心语法考点最重要的是虚拟语气，其次是倒装结构，从句知识，非谓语动词，动名词。固定搭配考点：名词与动词搭配，形容词与名词搭配，动词与副词的修饰关系，名词与介词搭配。最重要的是常见的固定词组和固定表达。

原文语言简练朴实:

翻译原文属于一般性简练和朴实无华的语言。此外，需要翻译的原文都受整个句子上下文的制约，这也提供了上下文的语言使用环境，从而降低了翻译的难度。

考点分析 1．语法结构:

英语属于印欧语系，而汉语属于汉藏语系。英语是形合性语言，而汉语是意合性语言。就是说英语有着严格的语法结构，句子必须依赖语法来连接；而汉语对语法的要求就没那么严格，句子主要是依靠意思连接。语法结构考点主要集中在虚拟语气，倒装结构，从句翻译，非谓语动词，动名词。

（1） 倒装结构：

only+状语位于句首表示强调时用倒装，如果only不在句首或虽在句首但不修饰状语时，则用正常语序。

Never等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时用倒装。Never，seldom，rarely，little，hardly，scarcely，not until，by no means，under no circumstances，not a bit， nowhere， not only… but also（如果该句型并列的是句子的主语则不采用倒装Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet.）。The more…,the more…结构中的倒装:The more you explain, the more confused I am.

（2）强调结构：

It is /was+被强调部分+that/who

这个句型应注意三方面：is，was之外没其他形式的变化；被强调部分如果是人，用who或that，其他情况用that；强调的是until 引导的时间壮语结构时，It is not until…that结构。

（3）虚拟语气：

Should+动词原形的情形（suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, decide, promise, resolve, argue, maintain, determine, recommend, advise, advocate, persuade 后的并与从句；important, necessary, imperative, natural,

urgent, essential, appropriate, desirable, vital, advisable, preferable, incredible， no wonder, a pity 等可以构成it is +形容词/名词+that的句型） If或but for等引导的条件句。

Wish，if only， it is time…等的用法。

（4）从句翻译：

名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句

（5）非谓语动词：

不定式，动名词，现在分词

2．重点词汇：

有相当一部分词汇在历年考题中重复出现的比例很高，只是一般学习者没有注意到。对单词出现频率进行统计，有利于英语学习者了解每个单词的重要程度，从而做到心中有数，可以有步骤，分先后地逐个记忆重点词汇。英语学习者能驾轻就熟，事半功倍。翻译考题就很好地体现了这种精神。在进行翻译练习时，尽量力求翻译答案多样化，以便扩展思维，开阔思路，掌握重点核心表达。1

3． 固定搭配：

注意以介词，副词为主线，将动词，名词，形容词等几大英语实词穿起来，目的在于方便学习者联想思维，使得语言知识以点带面，点线贯通，举一反三。 名词词组和固定搭配

At all costs ,at all events, at intervals, at length, at the cost of, hand down, hand n hand , in addition to , in addition, in any case, in any event, in case of , in case , in charge (of), in contrast with /to, in conclusion, in consequence of , in demand, in debt, in detail, in difficulties, in favor of , in force, in hand, in honor of , in(the)light of , in the event of , in the air, in the course of , in the distance, in the face of , in no case, round the lock, on (one’s )guard, off duty, on account of , on (the/an) average, on condition (that), on (the) one hand, in/ upon one’s honor, on earth , on the basis of , on the contrary , out of control , out of breath, out of danger, out of date , under control, up to date

动词词组和固定搭配

Account for, allow for , ask after, ask for, attach to , break in , break into , break off , break out , break through , break up , bring about , bring forth , bring forward, bring out , bring to , bring up , build up , burn out, burn up , call for , call off, call on/up, call up, call for , carry off, carry on , carry out, catch at catch on, check in, check out, check up(on), cheer up, clear away , clear up, come off, come on, come out , come round (around), come through , come to come up , count on/upon, count up , cover up , cross off/out, cut across, cut back, cut down , cut in, cut off, cut out , cut short, deal with, deep down , die down, die out……

高分技巧 翻译技巧

必须首先尽量找出翻译的一般性原则及规律，同时了解自己在翻译方面的问题：是词汇量小，语法结构知识掌握不牢固，还是英语基础太差。汉译英的基本标准可归纳为忠实和通顺两个方面，即忠实于原作的内容及风格；译文必须通顺易懂， 符合英语表达习惯。 翻译有直译和意译之分，直译要求将译文与原文在词语，语法结构及表达方式上保持一致， 而意译则要求摆脱原文形式的束缚而传达原文的内容。 但是实际翻译中，没有绝对的直译和绝对的意译。 相反，直译基础上的意译更接近原文而又符合习惯。

还要熟悉英汉两种语言在句法结构及表达方式上的不同， 利于迅速提高翻译水平。如：英语多后置定语， 而汉语多前置定语；英语状语语序为方式状语+地点状语+时间状语，而汉语则是时间状语+地点状语+方式状语；英语多长句，松散句（句子中心在句首）而汉语多短句，圆周句（句子中心在句末）；英语多以非人称代词做主语， 而汉语多以人称代词做主语；英语多被动结构，汉语多主动结构；英语多倒装句， 而汉语多正常语序句；英语中用于修饰名词的几个形容词常由主观性形容词到客观性形容词的顺序排列，而汉语却相反，离名词最近的常是主观性最强的形容词， 最远的是客观性最强的形容词。

翻译虽有技巧可言，但实践练习却更为关键。在做翻译练习时， 就不妨自己先翻译一下，然后与正确答案对照，分析不足， 弄清译文不正确的原因。

1． 词语选择法；由于汉语和英语的表达习惯和词语搭配的不同， 同一个汉语词语与不同的词语搭配时， 英文译文会用不同的词语来表达 。 因此， 必须根据词汇的搭配关系和在句子中充当的成分来确定译文所选词语。 Example original

We had a very good evening on Friday. After a meal at a very good Italian

restaurant we went to a good movie. I like it because the actors were all so good and the plot was a good one as well. Afterwards we were in such a good mood that we decided to visit some good friends of ours and tell them all about our evening. They were very good about our calling round so late and I was glad that I was able to do them a good turn by mending their block while we were there.

Revised (Varied diction)

We had a very enjoyable evening on Friday. After a meal at a very romantic Italian restaurant we went to a powerful(有感染力的) movie. I like it because the actors were all so sensitive (表演细腻的, 表现力强的)and the plot was an original one as well. Afterwards we so exhilarated that we decided to visit some close friends of ours and tell them all about our evening. They were very understanding about our calling round so late and I was glad that I was able to do them a favor by mending their block while we were there. 2． 词义引申法： 3． 词义褒贬法： 4． 正反译法： 5． 词类转换法： 6． 增译法： 7． 省译法

综合来看，以前四级词汇与结构部分的重要词组，重点语法（改革前的考题）可能会成为汉译英部分的考察重点。