英二翻译强化班讲义--钟平

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A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .

篇章翻译：

1、 The evolution of experimental psychology

The range of methods taught now would have amazed an experimental psychologist of a century ago.

Experimental psychology as taught in American universities has changed over the century from being attached to specific subject matters to being primarily methodological.

Edward B. Titchener's four-volume \published between 1901 and 1905, blocked out the limits of experimental psychology as a subject at the time. The acceptable included sensation, perception, emotion, memory, action and similar topics. Later on, conditioning and learning would be added to the \

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Titchener organized his book around fundamental methods, which lent themselves to specific subject matters.

Titchener's book remained influential throughout the 1920s and into the 1930s, though it had competition from others. The term \psychology,\conducive to experimental research.

Woodworth's book became the \for decades. He popularized the concepts of independent and dependent variables in his book and lamented that developmental and abnormal psychology had not yet reached the level of genuine experimentation.

His second edition of the book, published with Harold Schlosberg in 1954, continued the traditional listing of content topics as experimental psychology. S.S. Stevens's \published in 1951, was perhaps the last successful one-volume compendium of all content topics within traditional experimental psychology.

2、 Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do ---

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roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions? Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.

However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction , but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.

3、 “Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.

Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He?d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.

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It didn’t go well. “It was a really had move because that?s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ?Just wait, you?ll trun the corner, give it some time.”

4、 When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.

Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25. The “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.