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4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago。
be to do 的其他用法：
1)表示命令、义务、职责等，可译作“应该，必须”；长辈要求晚辈做某事常用这一句型。 2)表示将来要做的事，或按计划、约定要做的事，这一用法较正规，可译作“打算，将要”。
3)表示不可避免将要发生的事，或命中注定的事。 4)用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见。 5)用于否定句，表示“禁止”，相当于mustn't 。 You are to finish your work before I come back. 你必须在我回来之前完成工作。
When are they to return to their homeland? 他们打算什么时候回国？
He was to become a famous athlete after seven years of hard training. 经过七年的艰苦训练他注定要成为一名著名的运动员。 Am I to go on with the work? 我要继续完成这项工作吗？
The books in this room are not to be taken outside. 这个室内的书籍不得带出室外。
单项填空 1)(2010·全国卷Ⅰ)The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune ______.
A．is made B．would make C．was to be made D．had made 2)(2011·河北辛集期中)Have you prepared for the sports meeting which ______soon? A．has taken place B．will be taken place C．is to take place D．is to be taken place 4．The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. 地球(开始)变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。
剖析：1)句子中的that引导的是结果状语从句，和so构成固定搭配：so...that...。如： The boy worked so hard that he got a rise soon. 那个男孩工作很努力，不久就得到了提升。
2)在that从句中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的从句whether the shape would last or not(主语从句)。
英语中，为了保持句子结构的平衡，常用it作形式主语，而真正的主语如动词不定式、动名词或主语从句则后置。
考点：violent adj. 猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的 The boat sank in a violent storm at sea. 船在海上猛烈的风暴中沉没了。
The class were frightened by his violent language. 全班同学都对他激烈的言辞感到震惊。
That man had a violent temper.那个人脾气暴躁。
派生词：violence n．暴力；violently adv.猛烈地；激烈地
单项填空 1)(2011·甘肃兰州期中)The concert last month was ______ that all the audience wanted to attend it once again.
A．so success B．such success C．so a success D．such a success
2)New Orleans was regarded as the most ______ U．S.city with more than 19,000 crimes reported in a year.
A．fundamental B．gentle C．violent D．harmful 用violent的适当形式填空
3)Children should not be allowed to watch______movies. 4)They were______opposed to the idea.
5)Whatever happens，they won't use ______. 5．They were in time to produce carbon，nitrogen，water vapour and other gases，which were to make the earth's atmosphere.
最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。 剖析：本句中的which引导的是非限制性定语从句。
About forty people were killed in the accident，which made us sad. 大约四十人在这次事故中丧生，这使我们很难过。 考点：in time及时；终于
I don't think you will be in time for the meeting. 我认为你不能及时参加那个会议。
Let's get up early so as to be in time to catch the first bus. 我们早点起床吧，以便及时赶上第一班公共汽车。 Mike was a strange man，but in time I got to like him. 麦克是个奇怪的人，但是最终我还是渐渐喜欢上了他。
归纳：in time后常可接“for＋名词”或____________，但不可接“for＋doing sth”。
1)注意in time和on time的区别：
in time指“及时，在时限到来之前，迟早，终于”。 on time则指“准时，按时”。如：
When you are in trouble，I will come to help you in time. 当你处于困境时，我会及时来帮助你。
Because of the heavy rain，he didn't arrive there on time. 因为下大雨，他未能按时到那儿。 2)time重点短语归纳： in no time 立即；立刻
at one time 曾经；一度；同时 all the time 一直
kill time 消磨时间 for the time being 暂时
单项填空 1)(2011·吉林长春期中)Life in Hainan goes on ______，even though the natural disaster hit it terribly.
A．as well B．in time C．in fact D．as usual 2)(2011·安徽蚌埠期中)You'll succeed ______ because you are always working hard. A．on time B．in time C．at times D．at the time
3)You can't imagine this lake used to be a beautiful place in our province______. A．at any time B．at one time C．in no time D．at times
6．Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but，unlike the earth，it had disappeared later.
在火星这些其他行星上也都出现过水，但和地球不同的是，这些水后来都消失了。 考点：unlike prep.不同；不像
This book is quite unlike anything I've ever read before. 这本书与我以前看过的任何一本书都大不相同。 Unlike Li Ming，Gao Liang does everything carefully. 不像李明，高亮做什么事情都认真。
It is unlike Tom to be late for school：he is usually on time. 上学迟到可不是汤姆平时的样子：他通常很准时。
归纳：句式It is unlike sb to do sth的含义是“__________________”。
1)unlike 也可作形容词，含义是“不相像的”。如： They are so unlike that nobody believes they are brothers. 他们一点也不像，没有人相信他们是兄弟。 2)反义词：like
单项填空 1)(2011·辽宁期中)It is ______ Beth to drink.I wonder if she is all right. A．dislike B．likely C．unlikely D．unlike 翻译句子
2)不像他的父亲，他有幽默感。
________________________________________________________________________ 7．What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.
许多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，它使得地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。
剖析：What many scientists believe是what 引导的主语从句，其中what 在从句中作believe 的宾语。is后的that引导的是表语从句，that 在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接词的作用。
考点：harmful adj. 有害的；伤害的
Working in such a factory can be harmful to your health.＝Working in such a factory does harm to your health.
在这样的工厂工作对你们的健康有害。
归纳：be harmful to ＝____________，其含义是“对……有害”。
1)harm作动词时，含义是“损害，对……有害”；作名词时含义是“害处”。 I have never harmed anybody. 我从未伤害过任何人。 I know he meant no harm. 我知道他没有恶意。
There is no harm in your talking with your friend. 你和朋友谈一谈没有害处。
It does no harm for you to work with him. 你和他一起工作没有害处。
归纳：①mean no harm的含义是“____________”。
②句型There is no harm in (one's )doing sth的含义是“(某人)做某事没有害处”。 ③句型It does no harm for sb to do sth的含义是“(某人)做某事没有害处”。 2)反义词：harmless adj. 无害的
单项填空 1)(2011·安徽蚌埠期中)I advise you to give up smoking for it is ______to your health. A．harm B．harmless C．harmful D．harmfully 2)(2011·浙江温州期末)Once harm is ______ to the ecosystem，all species will ______，including man himself.
A．made；be in danger B．done；be dangerous C．caused；be endangered D．done；be in danger 3)(2010·浙江卷)Many lifestyle patterns do such ______ great harm to health that they actually speed up ______ weakening of the human body.
A．a；/ B．/；the C．a；the D．/；/ 用harm的适当形式填空，每空一词
4)Too much carbon dioxide is ______ ______ the environment.
5)More and more people have realized that smoking ______ ______ ______ our health. 翻译下面的句子
6)吃得太多对你的健康有害。
________________________________________________________________________ 8．They produced young generally by laying eggs. 它们一般是通过孵蛋来繁衍后代的。
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