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【No.1.1 构词法】

一、派生:词根词缀法-前缀和后缀 1.前缀

(1)构成反义词

前缀 用法 dis- 动词、名词、形容词 un- 动词、名词、形容词、 副词、分词 举例 dis-like, dis-advantage, dis-honest un-cover, un-certainty, un-certain, un-certainly, un-expected, un-changing im-possible, im-proper in-adequate, in-adequacy non-profit, non-essential mal-function de-centralize ir-regular, ir-respective(of) il-legal im- 形容词 in- 名词、形容词 non- 形容词 mal 名词 de- 动词 ir- il- 形容词 形容词

(2)改变词类

a +n,构成adj / adv: a-sleep, a-side, a-board (…的) em +n,构成v:em-power, em-ploy, em-barrass (给予…) en +n,构成v: en-large, en-able, en-rich, en-courage (使…)

(3)特定意义

ab- 反:ab-normal

anti- 反、抗:anti-pollution, anti-biotic

auto- 自动的、汽车的、自己的:auto-matic, auto-mobile, auto-nomy bi- 双、二:bi-cycle, bi-weekly, bilateral

uni- 单:unilateral

multi- 多数:multi-national

co- 共同(做某事):co-operate, co-worker fore- 前部的、预见:fore-go, fore-cast

ex- 以前的:ex-girlfriend 向外的:ex-port, ex-tract extra- 特别的:extra-large 以外的:extra-curricular super- 超级的:super-market 超?:super-natural over- 过分/过量:over-estimate 压倒:over-come inter- 之间的:inter-national 相互: interchange mis- 错误:mis-understand, mis-use

pre- 预先:pre-determine, pre-view, prepaid 之前:pre-war re- 重新:re-build 再次:reconsider, review

sub- 下面的:sub-way, sub-conscious 次、下一级:sub-division sub-contractor trans- 从?到

*down VS up ;inter VS exter

2.后缀

(1)构成名词

-ability (avail-ability, cap-ability, prob-ability) -ibility (poss-ibility, flex-ibility, respons-ibility) -ion (decis-ion, act-ion, collect-ion) -age (short-age, advant-age, marri-age)

-ance (relev-ance, import-ance, perform-ance) -ation (educ-ation, exemin-ation, depreci-ation) -ness (week-ness, happiness)

-ship (learder-ship, owner-ship, friend-ship) -ty (penal-ty, safe-ty, loyal-ty, certain-ty) -th (tru-th, leng-th)

-ure (depart-ure, press-ure, fail-ure) -ate (fortun-ate, passion-ate) -ing (feel-ing) -or (visit-or)

-er (buy-er, villag-er) -ee (employ-ee) -ism (social-ism)

-ist (pian-ist, social-ist)

-ment (agree-ment, govern-ment) -ian (As-ian, music-ian)

(2)构成形容词

-less (end-less, use-less) -ive (ac-tive, effect-ive)

-ful (use-ful, cheer-ful, beauti-ful) -y (difficult-y, currenc-y, tendenc-y)

-al (nation-al, origin-al, cultur-al) -able (valu-able, comfort-able, cap-able) -ed (excit-ed, interest-ed)

-ant (import-ant, relev-ant, pleas-ant) -ic (realist-ic, econom-ic) -ical (econom-ical, histor-ical) -ern (south-ern, east-ern) -ish (fool-ish, Brit-ish)

-some(trouble-some, quarrel-some)

(3)构成副词

-ly (final-ly, gradual-ly, clear-ly) -ward (on-ward, fore-ward) -s (outdoor-s, indoor-s) 二、合成法:由两个或两个以上独立且语义不相同的词结合成一个表达新的语义和语词功能

的词

(1)合成名词

n./-ing/adv./v…+n.: bedroom, reading-room, passerby, onlooker, pickpocket, get-together (2)合成形容词

-动词-ed,-ing : interested(人),interesting(事物)

-形容词+名词 / 名词+形容词: cross-border, interest-free, full-scale, available-for-sale,

held-to-maturity (3)合成动词

-副词/形容词+动词:broad-cast, white-wash -其他:dumbfound(使目瞪口呆) (4)合成副词

-副词/形容词/介词+副词:every-where, how-ever, which-ever, some-where -其他:may-be

(5)合成代词:any-one, my-self

【No.1.2 词性分类】 实 词

1)名词(noun) n:人和事物的名称 2)代词(pronoun) pron:代替名词的词 3)形容词(adjective) adj:修饰名词

4)数词(numeral) num:“数量”和“序数”的词 5)动词(verb) v:动作和状态

6)副词(adverb) adv:修饰动词、形容词和副词的词 虚 词

7)冠词(article) art:说明名词所指的人或物的词

8)介词(preposition) prep:表示名词与句子里其他词的关系

9)连词(conjunction) conj:连接词、短语、从句和句子的词 10)感叹词(interjection) interj:表示感情

*a, e, i, o, u是元音字母,其他的21个都是辅音字母。

一、名词 1.名词种类

(1)可数名词:集体名词 people, police, family, cattle

个体名词 student, man, woman, pencil, worker, fridge (2)不可数名词:物质名词 water,air, wood, milk

抽象名词 information, success, honor, pleasure, surprise (3)专有名词:China, Internet, Asia, London, Mary

2.可数名词复数的变化规则

(1)直接加-s:一般情况 cups, girls, hands, faces 以元音+y结尾的词 boys, toys, days

以两个元音结尾的词 zoos, radios, bamboos, kangaroos 某些以o结尾的外来词 photos, pianos, tobaccos, Eskimos

某些以f、fe结尾的词 roofs, cliffs, proofs, beliefs, safes(保险箱) (2)直接加-es:以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词 classes, watches, buses, boxes, brushes 某些以o结尾的词 heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, Negroes

(3)变y为i再加-es:以辅音+y结尾的词strategies, policies, babies, factories, cities (4)变f为v再加-es:某些以f、fe结尾的词

(5)单复数同形:chinese, fish, sheep, cattle, deer(鹿) (6)不规则变化:man-men, child-children, foot-feet

3.不可数名词的数

(1)表个体时,须用量词的词information, furniture, clothing, behavior, jewelry, equipment (2)抽象名词具体化,成为可数名词 a failure(失败者), a pleasure(一件乐事) (3)物质名词表数量多,可作可数名词 three coffees, a few white hairs(几根白发) *只有复数形式的名词:trousers(长裤), shorts(短裤), glasses, jeans(牛仔裤), gloves, shoes,

scissors(剪刀), compasses(圆规)

4.名词所有格:一般加-’s,如Tom’s / Marry’s, today’s, China’s, world’s, father’s, doctor’s

以-s/-es结尾的名词复数加-’ , officers’, actress’

不规则变化可数名词一般加-’s,如children’s 5.名词作定语 (1)单数名词修饰名词:air pollution, tea cup, boy friend, tennis ball, income tax(所得税), song

writer, body language, road accident, book mark, tooth brushes, TV program, Nobel prize, world problem, winter sleep, street dance, reception desk(接待处), weather report, stone table

(2)复数名词修饰名词:a sports car(赛车), a sales department(销售部门),

a clothes shop(成衣店)

(3)man&woman修饰名词时,两个名词同时变成复数:man driver—men drivers

二、代词

1.人称、物主代词 种类 主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性 I me my mine 单数 you you your yours he/she/it him/her/it His/her/its His/hers/its we us our ours 复数 you you your yours yourselves they them their theirs themselves 反身代词 myself yourself him/her/it -self ourselves

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【No.1.1 构词法】 一、派生:词根词缀法-前缀和后缀 1.前缀 (1)构成反义词 前缀 用法 dis- 动词、名词、形容词 un- 动词、名词、形容词、 副词、分词 举例 dis-like, dis-advantage, dis-honest un-cover, un-certainty, un-certain, un-certainly, un-expected, un-changing im-possible, im-proper in-adequate, in-adequacy non-profit, non-essential mal-function de-centralize ir-regular, ir-respective(of) il-legal im- 形容词 in- 名词、形容词 non- 形容词 mal 名词

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