词法

词法

词构词法 法 名词 转化法、合成法、派生法 名词的数量表达 名词的所有格 主谓一致 代词 形容词、副词 人称代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词、关系代词、it用法 形容词、副词的句法功能 形容词、副词的比较等级 方位副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词 数词 动动词的种类 词 谓时态 语动词 语态 语气 非谓语动词 常用数词的表达 基数词和序数词 实意动词、系动词、情态动词、助动词的属性和功能 现在时态（一般现在、现在进行、现在完成、一般将来） 过去时态（一般过去、过去进行、过去完成、过去将来） 复杂时态（现在完成进行、将来进行时）等的基本形式及使用场合 各种时态的被动语态形式 被动语态的使用场合 陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气 非限定动词各种形式 不定式、动名词的复合结构；分词的独立主格结构 非限定动词的性质及句法功能 不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词 表示时间、地点、方式和所属关系的介词用法 常用介词搭配 短语介词，二重介词，分词介词 连词

并列连词、从属连词和连词短语 冠词 介词

一、构词法（转化法、合成法、派生法）

转化法：单词词形不变，但词性发生了变化。

The shop opens(vi.开始营业) at nine o`clock and will stay open(adj.营业着的) beyond midnight. I can smell(vt.闻到) something burning in the room. It is a burnt smell(n.气味) of rice and it smells(linking verb.闻起来) terrible.

He contacted(vt.联系) me as soon as she arrived. He made contact(n.联系) with me as soon as he arrived.

She lacks(vt.缺乏，没有) money and she can`t afford the new shoes for lack(n.缺乏) of money. 合成法：由两个或者两个以上的词构成

haircut, keyboard, passer(s)-by, grown-up(s), dark-blue, life-long, warm-hearted, newly-made, snow-covered, easy-going, peace-loving, five-year-old, up-to-date 派生法：由有意义的词根或词缀构成 1． 常见前缀：

（1） 表示数量的前缀：bi-, tri-, semi-, multi-

bicycle, triangle, semi-final, kilogram, multimedia

（2） 表示反义的前缀：de-, dis-, un-, in-, il-, im-, ir-, mis-, non-

decrease, disorder, unconscious, incomplete, illegal, impossible, irregular, misunderstand, nonfiction （3） 表示方位或时间的前缀：out-, under-, for-, post-, pre-

outdoor, underground, forward, postwar, preview （4） 构成动词的前缀：en-

enable, encourage

（5） 其他前缀：ex-, co-, inter-, over-, re-, super-, trans-

ex-president, cooperation, international, overflow, rewrite, superman, transform

2. 常见后缀：

（1）构成名词的后缀常见的有：-er, -or, -ee, -ist, -ian, -ment, -ness, -ion, -ity, -ance, -ence, -ure, -ship, -hood, -ism, -age

interview, actor, employee, typist, musician, development, willingness, attraction, curiosity, appearance, dependence, failure, scholarship, childhood, realism, shortage

（2）构成动词的后缀常见的有：-ify, -ize, -en beautify, classify, realize, sharpen, strengthen

（3）构成形容词的后缀常见的有：-able, -al, -ant, -ful, -ive, -ous, -y, -ly, -less, -ic

avoidable, agricultural, resistant, cheerful, attractive, dangerous, sleepy, orderly, homeless, alcoholic

（4）构成副词的后缀常见的有：-ly, -ward carefully, comfortably, backward, downward

? She was so ____________(fright) that she couldn`t say anything.

? Upon hearing the funny story, everybody burst into __________(laugh).

? He went to school ____________(hurry) this morning and forget to take his English book.

二、名词

名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词，有单复数形式。不可数名词没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。

个体名词：作为个体而存在的人或东西，可以指具体东西 accident brother cup dolphin elephant fireman girl

集体名词 ：由个体组成的集体的名称(作为整体时作单数看待，作为它包含的成员时作复数看待)

army, audience, bacteria, community, company, data, enemy, family, flock, gang, government, group, police, press, public, staff, team, youth 物质名词 ： 物质名词指不可分成个体的物质

beer cheese cloth fertilizer fuel ice ink paper rain oil soap tea 抽象名词：抽象概念的名称

absence access agriculture anger beauty childhood comfort confidence death democracy depression economy education energy environment evil existence health intelligence joy justice love luck marriage 常见的专有名词 人名：James, David, Jane, Ann国家：the People`s Republic of China, England, America 城市：Beijing, Paris, New York街道：Fifth Street, Washington Square 报刊：China Daily, The Times 山脉、河流、岛屿：the Alps, the Amazon, the Philippine Ilands 节日、月份、星期：Christmas,April,Tuesday

组织、机构：the Red Cross, the United Nations, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 其他：the British Museum, the Grand Theatre, the Olympics 名词的所有格 所有格一般在名词后面加”`s”或用”of +名词”来表示所属关系。

today’s newspaper, the students’ book, at the tailor’s the name of the school, a friend of mine 注：有些名词常可作定语，用于修饰其他名词而不表示所有关系，这些作定语的名词一般用单数。Emergency exit, safety belt, word order, convenience store, newspaper reporters

? The Olympics ________ held every four ________.

A. Is, years B. are, years C. is,year D. are, year ? --Where’s your brother?

--At ________.

A. the Green’s B. Greens C. Mr.Green’s D. the Greens

? No one but Tom and I in the department _______that the director is going to resign.

A. knows B. know C. have know D. am to know

三、代词

主要有人称代词(主格<作主语>:I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they;宾格<作宾语或表语>：me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them;形容词性物主代词<作定语>：my, your, his, her, its, our, their;名词性物主代词<作主语、宾语、表语 > mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs)、反身代词(myself, himself, herself, yourselves, ourselves, themselves)、指示代词(this, that, these, those, it, such)、疑问代词(who, whom, whose, which, what)、不定代词(all, each, both, no, none, much, some, someone, anyone, everyone, something)、关系代词。 it 1． it 不仅可指代某样东西，还可指代人（专指未知性别的人，如婴儿，门外敲门者或电话

另一端未明确身份的人） Is he a boy or a girl? It’s a girl.

Someone is ringing the doobell. Go and see who it is. 2. it 可指代时间、季节、地点、天气、距离、金钱。 I hope it is spring all the year round. It is not far from the school to my home.

3. it 作形式主语或形式宾语。

It is certain that food prices are going up.

She soon found it possible to go to the fitness club regularly. one one 是不定代词，可替代前面出的某个单词，复数为ones. I would like t have a digital camera, but I can’t afford one.

There are only hard chocolates left; we’ve eaten all the soft ones. that

that 代替被限定的、有定语修饰的名词；that可代替可数名词单数或不可数名词，those指代可数名词复数。

For a lot of students, their teacher’s advice is more important than that of their parents’. There are many more words beginning with “a” than those ending with “a”. each/every 1. 两者均可作形容词，但each着重于个别性，而every侧重于整体性。

Each/Every student contributed to the fund 每一个学生/学生们人人都捐了款

2. each既有形容词属性，又有代词属性，在句中充当定语、表语、主语、宾语伙同位语；

而every只有形容词性，在句中只可作定语。 The teacher asked us each a question.(同位语) =The teacher asked each of us a question.(宾语)

Every one of you has a chance to introduce yourself.(定语) 3. every于数词连用的表达。

The Olympics are held every four years (every fourth year) 奥运会每四年举办一次。 nothing/no one (nobody)/none nothing和no one(no body)指无具体范围的否定；而none指有一定范围的否定，常和of短语连用，既可指物也可指人。