江苏南通市2018届高三第三次调研测试

C. By telling their historical stories. D. By listing thoughtful services.

B

Symbolic communication in the form of language underlies our unique ability to reason — or the conventional wisdom holds so. A new study published in Science, though, suggests our capacity to reason logically may not actually depend on language, at least not fully. The findings show babies still too young to speak can reason and make reasonable deductions.

The authors—a team from several European institutions—studied infants (婴儿) aged 12 and 19 months, when language learning and speech production has just begun but before complex mastery has been achieved. The children had to inspect distinct objects repeatedly—such as a dinosaur and a flower. The items were initially hidden behind a black wall. In one set of experiments the animation (动漫) would show a cup scooping (舀出) up the dinosaur. Half of the time, the barrier would then be removed to reveal, as expected, the remaining flower. In the rest of the instances, though, the wall would disappear and a second dinosaur would be there.

The children deduced in these latter occurrences that something was not quite right, even though they were unable to express in words what was wrong. Eye-tracking—a commonly used technique to judge mental abilities in preverbal (语前的) children and apes—showed infants stared significantly longer at scenes where the unexpected object appeared behind the barrier, suggesting they were confused by the reveal. “Our results indicate that the acquisition of logical vocabulary might not be the source of the most fundamental logical building blocks in the mind,” says lead study author Nicoló Cesana-Arlotti. A major component of human logic, he notes, relates to thinking about alternative possibilities and eliminating inconsistent ones: Does the dinosaur sit behind the barrier or does the flower? In a formal logic this is called a disjunctive syllogism (析取三段论): A or B; not if A, therefore B.

Cesana-Arlotti acknowledges his findings do not deny the importance of language and symbolic communication to human brain development, and to our evolutionary backstory. Yet the new research suggests that perhaps it is not entirely necessary to shape the brain’s logical reasoning capacities. He plans further work studying how logic before the development of language might still differ from reasoning abilities that appear once language comes along, as language may open additional reasoning abilities unavailable to the speechless brain.

“To our knowledge, nobody has ever directly documented logical reasoning in 12-month-old infants before,” he adds.

58.We can learn from the new study published in Science that ______. A. the ability to reason logically is unique to humans B. babies are too young to make reasonable deductions C. language is not a requirement for some basic reasoning D. the new findings correspond with the conventional ideas 59. The researchers draw the conclusion from the fact that ______. A. the infants were aware of illogical outcomes

B. the infants inspected distinct objects over and again

C. the infants were very sensitive to the removal of the barrier D. the infants showed interest in the appearance of the dinosaur

60. The underlined word “eliminating” in Paragraph 3 probably means “______”. A. resisting B. removing C. expanding D. exploring 61. According to the text, what will Cesana-Arlotti study further? A. The mental development of babies. B. The initial state of logic in the mind.

C. Distinctions between verbal and preverbal logic.

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D. Additional reasoning abilities of the speechless brain.

C

People love spreading information and sharing opinions. You can see this online: every day, 4 million new blogs are written, 80 million new photos are uploaded and 616 million new tweets are released into cyberspace. We experience a burst of pleasure when we share our thoughts, and this drives us to communicate. It is a useful feature of our brain, because it ensures that knowledge, experience and ideas do not get buried with the person who first had them, and that as a society we benefit from the products of many minds.

Of course, in order for that to happen, merely sharing is not enough. We need to cause a reaction. Each time we share our opinions and knowledge, it is with the intention of having an impact on others. Here’s the problem, though: we approach this task from inside our own heads. But if we want to have an impact on others, we need to understand what goes on inside their head.

What determines whether you affect the way others think and behave or are ignored? You may assume that numbers and statistics are what you need to change their point of view. Well, experiments have pointed to the reality that people are not driven by facts. They are not enough to alter beliefs, and they are practically useless for motivating action. Consider climate change: there are mountains of data indicating that humans play a role in warming the globe, yet approximately 50% of the world’s population doesn’t believe it. What about health? Hundreds of studies show that exercise is good for you and people believe this to be so, yet this knowledge fails miserably at getting many to step on a treadmill (跑步机).

The problem with an approach that prioritizes information is that it ignores the core of what makes us human: our motives, our fears, our hopes, our desires, our prior beliefs. In fact, the tsunami of information we are receiving today can make us even less sensitive to data because we’ve become accustomed to finding support for absolutely anything we want to believe with a simple click of the mouse. Instead, our need for agency, our craving to be right, and a longing to feel part of a group really count. It is those motivations we need to tap into to make a change, whether within ourselves or in others.

62. People love spreading information and sharing opinions because ______. A. they often think their thoughts are superior to others’ B. they can provide a lasting pleasure of communication C. they want to affect the behaviours and beliefs of others D. they are able to understand others’ inner world better

63. The examples of climate change and health indicate that ______. A. data and logical thinking aren’t bound to change minds B. numbers and statistics are persuasive enough to others C. people’s deeds and minds don’t agree with each other D. people are fed up with huge amounts of data and studies 64. What does the writer stress in the passage? A. Behaviors determine our beliefs. B. Our desires shape what we believe. C. We shouldn’t force our ideas on others. D. Too much information serves no purpose.

D

April 2018, Manchester My dearest daughter,

As I looked across at you sitting on the sofa watching The X Factor, I noticed that you are no longer a child, and that having just celebrated your 14th birthday, you are now a young woman starting a journey into becoming

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an adult woman. As I looked at you, I remembered myself at 14, and the vastly different places we are beginning this journey from.

Your identity as a mixed-race young woman, with an English father and a Pakistani mother, has already influenced how you place yourself in this world. As yet, you are unaware of the personal struggles that I took at the age of 25 to marry. How it felt when my mother refused to come to my wedding. The sharp criticisms of the Asian community that such marriages do not work out and always end in divorce. The confidence I had to grow, as we chose to live in a multicultural community, as I refused to be shamed into living in the leafier white suburbs.

Then, at the age of 30, I became your mum with all the joys and struggles this brought, as I refused the Asian traditions for a new baby’s arrival. From your birth, your life could not have been more different from mine. I was brought up on a council estate, within a tight-knit extended Muslim family, through which poverty, racism and neglect were woven. I was never given the freedoms or the opportunity to experience new things. Now, as I hear you play your piano, I am grateful that you have these opportunities.

So many doors were closed to me as a young person, and as I fought for small steps of freedom, I soon learned that it was better to do what I wanted without the knowledge of my parents, and so deceit and deception (欺骗) became woven into my life too. The pressures to obey, to be a “good Muslim” girl and keep the family honour, were choking. Behind closed doors at home, the neglect and abuse took place. It was hidden, I felt the shame, lived with the fear and suffered alongside my sister and two younger brothers. Oh, the power we thought our parents had over us! I was convinced that one day my father would indeed beat us so hard that leaving us for dead, he would, as his threats said he would, bury us in the large back garden, and tell the school he had taken us back to Pakistan for good. My sister and I longed for a different blue sky to live under.

As a daughter of immigrant parents, I carried their hopes of a better education for their children – my own veins (血管) pulsing with the hard-work ethic (道德) and need to be grateful for the opportunity of a free education. And it was education that provided me with the strength to find my own blue sky. I fought to leave home to go to university at the age of 18, and never returned to live with my parents again.

Now as you explore your mixed-race heritage, which I hope we have supported you to do with visits to Pakistan and ensuring you go to multi-cultural schools, I want you to take the very best of all that is Asian with you as you become a woman.

The struggles of identity and belonging will come but I hope that we have given you a strong foundation from which to explore these struggles. All the opportunities and freedoms that I only dreamed of as a young woman, I have offered you. I have chosen a different path of loving you as my daughter, with an unconditional love that many consider “western”.

I want you to know that although your journey has been vastly different, I am excited as I watch you standing on the threshold (门槛) of becoming a woman for all the adventures and possibilities the future holds for you.

May you fly your blue sky with grace, confidence and hope as you find your place in this beautiful and crazy world.

Loving you now and always. Mommy

65. Mommy’s mother refused to attend her wedding party because ______. A. she married against the wishes of her family B. she was believed to fall victim to her marriage

C. she would leave the family to settle in the white suburbs D. she would bring shame to the multicultural community

66. By “your life could not have been more different from mine”, Mommy means ______. A. her childhood was no different from her daughter’s B. her parents treated her the way she does her daughter

C. her daughter experienced the same traditions at birth with her

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D. her daughter can enjoy the opportunities which she didn’t 67. What can be inferred from Mommy’s Muslim family life? A. She suffered much abuse in the family. B. She fought against her Muslim identity. C. She was forced to drop out of school. D. She behaved like a good Muslim girl.

68. Mommy sends her daughter to multi-cultural schools because ______. A. they provide more opportunities and freedoms B. her daughter can develop a sense of belonging

C. her daughter can explore the best of Asian heritage D. they offer children a westernized way of education 69. Which of the following can best describe Mommy? A. Outgoing, tolerant and realistic. B. Determined, liberal and optimistic. C. Conservative, tricky and aggressive. D. Independent, arbitrary and ambitious 70. Mommy writes the letter to ______.

A. reveal the sufferings she had as a teenage girl B. criticize the social prejudice in her community C. emphasize the importance of family support D. encourage her daughter to pursue her dream

第四部分 任务型阅读 (共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)

请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。 注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。

We all have complaints about going to work. It’s expected: work takes up the majority of our waking day and it very much defines us. We often use our jobs as an introduction and a window into our lives when we meet someone—a job reflects who we are. It influences the clothes we wear, the holidays we take, where we live and how we feel about ourselves. Of course，it takes up sizeable amounts of time, focus and energy. We complain about getting on that rush-hour train or the way the boss speaks; we laugh about the pain of Monday mornings and the thrill of annual leave. But for many people, work has ceased to be simply a source of complaints or a joke.

But haven’t there always been tough roles, heavy workloads and overtime? Why has this work-related illness arisen now? From the research that has been carried out on this subject, workload is consistently cited (引用) as the most common reason for this ill health.

But as our jobs are not going to change any time soon, it’s time to change ourselves. Mental-health experts often talk about resilience: the ability to cope, survive and bounce back from difficulties. Some is inborn, but resilience can be built and fostered (培养)—and certainly so in one’s working life.

We know that resilience at work is partly fostered by supportive relationships. So it is important to nurture healthy interpersonal relationships at work, whether that is through the support of a good manager or through friendship with work colleagues. Any supportive relationship you invest in at work will improve your stress levels.

Resilience can also be fostered by taking control. That is not easy in the face of a demanding boss or terrible workloads, so you might need to look for it elsewhere. Being able to take control in other areas of your life also leads to empowerment and grows your confidence. Control or change your journey to work, what you have for lunch or even who you sit with in the canteen.

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