《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章期末复习

Chapter Three Morphology 形态学

3.2 Open class and closed class

Open class words实词，词数可增加 Closed class words虚词，词数稳定

3.3 Morphemes 词素

词素 Morpheme

The basic un it i n the study of morphology and the smallest meanin gful un it of Ian guage. 自由词素 Free Morpheme

Free morphemes are in depe ndent un its of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. 黏着词素 Bound morphemes

Bound morphemes are these morphemes that canot be used by themselves, must be comb ined with other morphemes to form words that can be used in depe nden tly.

3.4

词根Root

Root is the base form of a word which cannot be further an alyzed without total loss of ide ntity. 词缀Affix

The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.

3.4 Derivati onal morpheme & in flect ional morpheme

派生 Derivational morpheme s: the morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words

E.g. modern---moder nize length---len gthe n, fool---foolish, etc.

曲折 Inflectional morphemes : the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical

markers,signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they never change their syn tactic category, n ever add any lexical meaning, E.g. a) Number: tables apples cars

b) Person, fin ite ness and aspect: talk/talks/talk in g/talked c) Case: Joh n/John

派生词 Derivation 复合词 Compounds

's

Chapter Four Syntax 句法学

句法学 Syntax A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences

and the rules that govern the formati on of senten ces.(句法学是研究词是如何组成句子以及如

何支配句子构成规则的一个语言学分支)

Phrase categories and their structures 短语分类与结构

Phrase categories----the syn tactic un its that are built around a certa in word category are called

phrase categories, such as noun phrase: NP (N), verb phrase: VP (V), adjective phrase: AP (A), and prepositio nal: PP (P).

The structure : specifier + head + complement

Head (中心语) ---- the word around which a phrase is formed

Specifier （标志成分） ---- the words on the left side of the heads Complement （补足成分） ---- the words on the right side of the heads Phrase structure rules:

The grammatical mecha nism that regulates the arran geme nt of eleme nts that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as:

NP （Det 限定词）+ N + （PP） .... e.g. those people, the fish on the plate, pretty girls. VP （Qual 修饰词）+ V + （NP） ...... e.g. always play games, finish assignments.

AP （Deg 程度词）+ A + （PP） ... veeyidsome, very pessimistic, familiar with, very close to PP （Deg） + P + （NP） on theinihef boat, quite near the station

ST NP VP （A sentence consists of, or is rewritten as, a noun phrase and a verb phrase） Do in serti on: Insert in terrogative do in to an empty Infl positi on.

句法类型 Syntactic category

A word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function such as the subject or object.

表层结构S-structure

A level of syn tactic represe ntati on after the operati on of n ecessary syn tactic moveme nt.

深层结构D-structure

A level of syn tactic represe ntati on before the operati on of n ecessary syn tactic moveme nt.

普遍语法 General grammar

A system of lin guistic kno wledge which con sists of some gen eral prin ciples and parameters about n ature Ian guage.

NP ' the student who likes linguistics ' consists of Det, N and S with Det being the Specifier ,N the head, S the complement. NP（…）有冠词、名词和子句组成， 冠词是指示语，名词是核心词， 子句是补足语。

4.6.5 Move a and constraints on transformations a 位移和转换的限制 （定义和作用）

必考

This general rule is referred to as Move a , where alpha is a cover term for any element that can be moved from one place to ano ther.

（我也不知道作用是啥，就会用）

这章重点就是画图

Chapter 5 Semantics

语义学 Semantics: the study of meaning from the linguistic point of view 同义词 Synonymy

（对意义的研究）

It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or we can say that words are close in meaning are called synony ms.

多义词Polysemy

It refers to differe nt words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more tha n one meaning.

同音（形）异义Homonymy

It refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings have the same form, i.e, differe nt words are ide ntical in sound or spelli ng, or in both.

上下义关系 Hyponymy

It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more gen eral in meaning is called superord in ate, and the more specific words are called its hyp ony ms.

反义词Antonymy

It' s the term used for oppositeness of meaning on different dimension. 预设 Presupposition It' s a sema ntic relati on ship or logical conn ecti on. A presupposes B. 蕴涵 Entailment

Entailment can be illustrated by the following tow sentences in which sentence A entails sentence B.

A: Mark married a blonde heiress. B: Mark married a bion de.

句子间的意义关系

sense relati on betwee n sentences

X is synon ymous with Y. 互为同义、同对错 X entails Y.包含关系-X包含Y

X presupposes Y.假设、推测 由X推测出 Y X is a contradiction. 矛盾句

X is sema ntically ano malous. 不等逻辑、错误逻辑

5.2.3 Contextualism语境论 必考，考啥未知 P64自己看书 5.5.1 Comp onen tial an alysis

语义成分分析 Comp onen tial an alysis

Comp onen tial an alysis is a way proposed by the structure sema nticists （结构语义学） to an alyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a world can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features （语义特征）

述谓分析 Predicati on an alysis

A way to an alyze sentence meaning.

主项（论元） argume nt + （谓词）predicate

Eg. （The dogs主项（barks）谓词.

带一个主项的述谓

on e-place predicati on

Chapter 6 pragmatics

语用学Pragmatics必考

The study of how speakers of a Ian guage use sentences to effect successful com muni cati on.

The study of Ian guage in use or Ian guage com muni cati on; the study of the use of con text to make inference about meaning.

Pragmatics=sema ntics+c on text

语境 Context

It is gen erally con siderd as con stituted by the kno wledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语句意义与话语

意义 Sentence meaning V.S uttera nee meaning

If we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as a self-ccontained unit in isolation, then we treat it as a

sentence.

If we take it as something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose, then we are treating it as an utterance .

Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situati on of com muni cati on, or simply in a con text.

6.2

言语行为理论Speech act theory必考P80

It' s an important theory in the pragmatic study of Ianguage. it ' s a philosophical explanation of the n ature of lin guistic com muni cati on .it aims to an swer the questio n using Ian guage?”

The con cept of causatives performatives, the locuti onary act （言内行为） ，the illocuti onary act （言外行为）

” what do we do whe n

，the perlocutionary act （言后行为） and the categories of illocutionary act

suggested and formulated by J.R.Searle con stitute the speech act theory.

言内行为 Locutionary Act

A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases ,clauses. it ' s the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syn tax, lexic on and phono logy.

言外行为川coti on ary Act

An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker ' s intention it ' s the act performed in say ing someth ing.

言后行为 Perlocuti onary Act

Perlocuationary Act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. it' s the con seque nce of ,or the cha nge brought about by the uttera nce.

Searlesclassification of speech act 必考 P82

阐述性 Representatives---to commit the speaker to something ' s being the Case ,to the truth of what has bee n

said.

例词:stating, believing, swearing, hypothesizing 最有代表性 ,

指令性 Directives---are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something.

例词:inviting, suggesting ,requesting ,advising ,warning ,threatening, orderi ng 是特有实例

承诺性 Commissives---whe n speak ing the speaker puts himself un der obligati on.

例词:promising, undertaking, vowing 最典型

表达类 Expressives—the speaker is expressing his feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.

例词:apologizing ,thanking, congratulating

宣告类 Declarations---the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the corresp ondence betwee

n what is said and reality.

例句 :I now declare the meeting open/l appoint you chairman of the committee/I fire you. 这五类 differ in

their strength or force.

合作原则（CP 原则） Principles of conversation （Co-operative principles）

Proposed by Paul Grice, a logicia n and philosopher

数量准则the maxim of Quantity ——你说的话应包含所需内容且不可超过内容要求

Make your con tributi on as in formative as required;