高频词法（八） - 虚拟语气

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高二 学 科 英语 编稿老师 李敏英 高频词法（八）——虚拟语气 林卉 二校 黄楠 审核 陈倍香 虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、假设或建议等，而不是表示客观存在的事实。一般用于非真实条件句和名词性从句等。虚拟语气是通过动词的特殊变化来表示的。由于虚拟语气表达的是一种与客观事实相反的行为状态，因此其动词的变化形式不同于陈述语气。做题时，应根据所提供的信息准确地判断出虚拟语气的类型，然后再根据其类型的特定表达方式作出应答。虚拟语气在历届高考中占分不多，常以情景交际形式出现，考查重点主要集中在以下几方面： 1. 在非真实条件句中，虚拟语气主从句时态和结构的对应问题 2. 在非真实条件句中，虚拟语气的倒装问题 3. 名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法 4. 几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法 5. 虚拟语气与陈述语气的判定 在高考试题中，虚拟语气的考查题型主要是单项选择，要求同学们能够熟练掌握各种虚拟语气的动词形式。 一、知识精讲 1. 非真实条件句（if等）中的虚拟语气 时间 表示现在情况 If条件从句的谓语形式 过去式(did) (be常用 were) 表示过去情况 过去完成式 (had +done) 表示将来情况 ①过去式 (did/were) ②should + do ③were to do 【例句】

If I had HIV, I would know because I would feel sick. If I were you, I would give AIDS patient a hug.

If I had taken your advice, I wouldn’t have made a mistake. If he had been there, it wouldn’t have happened.

If it should rain tomorrow, they wouldn’t go for an outing.

I think we could do it, if we planned it properly and could borrow the tools.

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主句的谓语形式 would / could / might / should +do would / could / might / should +have done would / could / might / should + do

If we were to have three days off , we would enjoy a very happy life. 状元典例1

I ______ sooner but I didn’t know that they were waiting for me.

A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come 答案：D

思路分析：句意为―我本来可以早点来，但我真不知道他们在等我。‖but I didn’t know表示了过去的时间，因此前句是对过去的虚拟，用主语+should / would / could / might + have done表达，故选D。 状元典例2

—I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official. —How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone ______ it.

A. will have stolen B. might have stolen C. should have stolen D. must have stolen 答案：B

思路分析：考查虚拟语气的用法。句意为―——我把我的手提包落在火车上了。但幸运的是，有人拾到交给了铁路部门。——失而复得，简直难以置信！我是说，本来可能有人会偷了去。‖will have done将来可以完成，must have done一定做过某事，表示对过去事情的肯定推测，都与题意不符。should have done本来应该做某事，而实际没做，这就意味着希望有人偷包。might have done 过去可能做过，语气比较婉转或不肯定，根据句意应选B。 2. 名词性从句的虚拟语气。主要是表示命令、要求、建议的虚拟语气。 1) 宾语从句

①一个坚持：insist 两个命令：order, command 四个建议：advise, suggest, propose, recommend 五个要求：demand , require, request, desire, ask

这些动词后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气。即从句中的动词使用should +动词原形的结构，或者将should省略。 【例句】

We suggested that Tom have a rest. He insisted that I (should )be present.

The king ordered that the prisoners be killed the next day. They requested that we (should) send them to work there. 注意：insist / suggest 各有两种意思，要用不同的语气 insist i. 表―坚决要求‖,虚拟, should + do; ii.表―坚称,坚持说‖,陈述语气,表事实。 suggest i.表―建议‖，虚拟, should + do; ii.表―表明、暗示‖ ，用陈述语气。 【例句】

The teacher suggested that we (should) practise more after class. The look on her face suggested that she was happy.

He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means. He insisted that he didn’t steal the wallet.

注意：与以上动词相应的名词构成的名词性从句包括主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句也要使用虚拟语气。从句中的动词形式一样。 即：(should)＋V原形

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相应的名词：order, advice, suggestion, proposal, demand, request, desire等。 【例句】

My demand is that she should come to see me once a week.

All of us are for the advice that the chemical factory should be closed down. ②wish的宾语从句 【例句】

I wish I were a bird.（现在）

I wish I hadn’t made such a mistake.（过去）

We wish our parents wouldn’t punish us. （将来） 2）It’s necessary /strange/ natural/ important + that-Clause，主语从句中的动词要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形 【例句】 It is important that we ( should ) master a foreign language. It is strange that she refuse to come to the party. It’s necessary that we should study hard. 状元典例1 Mr. Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention _____ (讨论) at the meeting. 答案：(should) be discussed 思路分析： ―insist‖引导的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，从句结构是 ―should‖（可省略）加动词原形，主语 ―problem‖ 是要―被讨论‖。 状元典例2 She insisted that she ________ ill of him behind him，but he didn’t believe it. A. hadn’t spoken B. shouldn’t speak C. wouldn’t speak D. not speak 答案：A 思路分析：insist表―坚称,坚持说‖,陈述语气,表事实，所以不用should+动词的原形形式。 3. It’s (about/high) time +(that)+定语从句 【例句】 It’s time that we went to bed. It’s time that we should go to bed. 4. as if / as though引导的方式状语从句和表语从句 【例句】 It seems as if it were spring. I remembered the whole thing as if it had happened yesterday. 5. 特殊句型 【例句】 I would rather you paid me now. I would rather you had gone, too.

Don’t come. I would rather you came tomorrow. Would you mind if I turned the TV down? 状元典例

George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he_______ more on its culture.

A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused

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答案：B

思路分析：would rather后应用虚拟语气，对现在或将来的虚拟都用过去式，此句表示 对将来的虚拟，所以用动词的过去式。

二、难点聚焦

1. 错综时间的虚拟句

通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指的时间是一致的, 但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式. 【例句】 If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)。 If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在)。 If we hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, things wouldn’t be going so smoothly. （从句指过去，主句指现在）。 If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better. （从句指过去，主句指现在）。 If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow. （从句指现在，主句指将来） 状元典例1 Maybe if I science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help. A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying 答案：C 思路分析：句意为―或许当初我要是学了理科而不是文科，现在就能给你更多的帮助。‖then表示过去的时间，if引导的从句是对过去的虚拟，因此谓语动词用过去完成时。 状元典例2 It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ________ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall 答案：B 思路分析：由if从句中的at the age of seven可见fall这一动作是对过去的虚拟， if从句中对过去的虚拟要用had done形式。 2. 含蓄条件句 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,而是暗含在上下文中，如通过介词短语来表示。这些介词常用：but for, without, otherwise等。 【例句】 But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully. 如果不是听了你的建议，我就不会做得如此成功。

The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy. 没有开放的政策，就不会有如此大的变化。

I was so busy then, otherwise, I would have told him the answer. 我当时很忙，否则，我就会把答案告诉他的。 比较：

If it were not for the rain, the crops would die

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