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○ With a domestic market of 1.2 billion consumers, China is now becoming a huge 状 主 系 状 系 定
magnet for more foreign business corporations. 表 状
○ At present, quite a number of students are cheating in colleges. 状 定 主 谓 状 4. 将来时
将来时是描述未来发生的动作。当句中含有中文 “将”“会” 字或句中有明显的将来 时态标志词：将（future）, 迟早（sooner or later），明天
（tomorrow），不久（soon）, 之后 （...later）, 在…之后（after...），下（周、年）（next...），如：
○ I will get rid of the entanglement of fate and accept the joys and sorrows in life. 主 谓 1 宾 1 定 1 连 谓 2 宾 2 定
○ Learning from books will lay a solid foundation in our future time.
主 谓 宾 状
5. 完成时
完成时态是翻译、写作中常用的时态。要表达我们中文中的 “已经”“…了”“还没…” “自从”“到目前为止”“至今”“近来”“近几…来”“在…以前已经…”“一直”等概念都要
使用完成时态，常用的时态标志词有：already, yet, since, for, so far, all..., till/until now/today, up to now, recently, in/during/over the past/last few days, in the recent years, by the end of...
①中文句中含着 “已经” 这一表示动作完成的时态标志词，但在英文句中只用动词的完成 式即可表示出来，如：
○ Computers have become our faithful friends and companions because they can help
主 系 定 表 原因状从 us so much.
because they can help us so much 连 主 谓 宾 状
○ TV has undoubtedly changed the way of our entertainment,our leisure, and our life. 主 谓 状 谓 宾 定
② 完成时与完成进行时态的区别
二者的区别有四点：
Ⅰ.强调动作完成了用现在完成时，动作尚未完成用完成进行时：
○ In the past ten years, the college students who do social investigation during summer 状 定 主 定从 vocation have increased a lot .
谓 状
（该句强调在过去的十年中搞社会调查的学生人数增长了许多，是指到目前为止的情况 并未涉及到未来，所以要用现在完成时态。）
who do social investigation during summer vocation 主 谓 宾 状
○ Mid-Autumn is still a fortnight away, but many shops have already been 主 系 状 表 连 定 主 谓 selling moon cakes.
宾
（既然出售月饼的动作发生在中秋节两周之前，现在离此节还有两周的时间，显然还要 继续销售下去，所以要用现在完成进行时。）
Ⅱ.强调动作的重复性只能用现在完成时；强调动作的持续性，用现在完成时或现在完 成进行时都行：○ Three traffic accidents have occurred in front of our school gate this morning.（该句是重复动作，只能用现在完成时态。）
The number of wild species has been proportionately decreasing while the 主 定 谓 状 谓 population of the world are increasing dramatically.
时间状从
(该句是持续性动作，所以用了完成进行时态。)
while the population of the world are increasing dramatically 连 主 定 谓 状
Ⅲ.有标志词 all 修饰的用现在完成进行时：
○ It has been raining all the week.（该句有进行时态的标志词 all。） 主 谓 状
Ⅳ.在 but... not... yet 句型中主句用现在完成进行时：
○ I have been learning for three years in France but I haven't got my master 主 谓 状 状 连 主 谓 宾 degree yet. 状
二、语态
主动语态是大家较为熟悉的，这里主要讲被动语态。英语和汉语在语态上的不同在于“英 语多被动，汉语多主动。”对于阅读而言，要习惯于读被动句；对于写作，要善于写被动句 才会有英语味。
1. 被动语态的各种时态 被动语态的常用时态有： ① 一般现在时的被动语态
○ Man is always faced with many problems which threaten man's existence on Earth. 主 谓 状 谓 宾 定从
which threaten man's existence on Earth 主 谓 宾 定 ② 过去时的被动语态
○ When Henry Ford first sought financial backing for making cars, the very notion of
状从 定 主
farmers and clerk owing automobiles was considered ridiculous.
定 谓 主补
③ 将来时的被动语态
○ I am sure our life will be further improved. 主 谓 宾从
our life will be further improved 主 谓 状 谓 ④ 进行时的被动语态
○ Atomic energy is being used in industry, aviation and many other fields in China. 主 谓 状 状 ⑤ 完成时的被动语态
○ The rapid emerging sexual revolution has been accompanied by many disturbing trends.
主 谓 状
2. 被动语态的不同结构
被动语态后面有以下几种结构： ① 有固定的介词与之搭配，如：
○ In China, young children are traditionally looked after by their mothers.
状 主 谓 状 谓 状
○ Shakespeare's dramas are recognized as the greatest in English literature.
主 谓 补 状
○ Presents are often given as a signof contributions. 主 谓 状 谓 状 ② 后面接动词不定式，如：
○ The rights of the individual are considered to be the most important in a free society. 主 定 谓 补 状 ○ Newspapers in Britain are said to be neither very conservative nor very radical.
主 系 表
注意：如果不定式的动作发生在主动词之前，不定式要用完成式，如： ○ He is reported to have invented over ten new techniques. 主 （复合谓语） 宾
○ He is said to have gone abroad to seek a highly-paid job. 主 （复合谓语）
○ The lovely rabbit is said to have had a race with a tortoise.
定 主 复合谓语 宾 状
③ 后面接名词或形容词作补语，如： ○ China is considered a great country. 主 谓 主补 ○ This plan is thought practical.
主 谓 补
○ When you shoot a film, it must be considered both interesting and constructive.
状从 主 谓 补 When you shoot a film 连 主 谓 宾 ④ 与 by 连用，如：
○ Jefferson drafted The Declaration of Independence, which was adopted by the Congress
主 谓 宾 定从
on July 4, 1776.
which was adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776 主 谓 状
○ The air in the city is often polluted by poisonous gases emitted by the smokestacks of 主 定 谓 状 定
factories.
⑤ 句子作主语用 it 作形式主语，如：
○ It has been calculated that the population of the world has reached more than 5 billions. 主 谓 主语从句
that the population of the world has reached more than 5 billions 连 主 定 谓 宾
○ It is heavily acknowledged that extensive deforestation contributed to heavy summer 形主 谓 状 谓 主从 flooding.
that extensive deforestation contributed to heavy summer flooding 连 定 主 谓 宾
⑥ 由情态动词(can, should, might, must 等)构成的被动语态，如：
○ Health is the most valuable things in the world and can never be bought
主 系 定 主 表 状 连 谓 状 谓 with money. 状
○ Poverty can not be reduced by merely complaining and blaming others.
主 谓 状 三、倒装
将谓语的部分（情态动词和助动词）或全部移至主语前面称为倒装，倒装的产生是因以 下三方面：
1. 出于结构的需要
① there 引导的句子，如：
○ With population explosion and growing industry, there appears a very serious
状 状 谓 定
problem of fresh water shortage. 主 定
② so, neither, nor 开头的句子，如：
○ So quickly are science and technology advancing that what is impossible today may
状 谓 主 谓 状从 be readily available tomorrow. that what is impossible today may be readily available tomorrow. 连 主从 系 状 表 状
○ I haven't watched a film of this kind, neither (nor) do I intend to watch it. 主 谓 宾 定 状 助 主 谓 宾 ③ 一些修饰语过长的句子
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