谢孟媛初级英文文法讲义two

(3)名词+现在分词+修饰语句

名词+现在分词+修饰语句→在句中还可扮演主词、受词及补语的功用。 a. 当主词

例：l. The woman sitting in the middle is Bob's mother. (坐在中间的女人是Bob的母亲。)

2. Some of the people waiting for the bus became angry. (等公交车中的有些人变得很生气。)

b. 当受词

例：1. I know the boy running in the park. (我认识在公园跑步的男孩。)

2. Do have you any friends living in Japan? (你有任何住在日本的朋友吗？)

c. 当补语

例：l. The subway is the railway running under the ground. (地铁是在地下行驶的铁路。)

2. A nurse is a person taking care of sick people. (护士是照顾病人的人。)

(4)名词+过去分词+修饰语句

名词+过去分词+修饰语句→在句中还可扮演主词、受词及补语的功用。 a. 当主词

例：The language spoken in America is English. (美国说的语言是英语。) b. 当受词

例：I look at a lot of pictures taken in Kenting. (我看了许多在垦丁拍的照片。) c. 补语

例：This is a dress made for her. (这是为她做的洋装。) 比较：形容词用法的现在分词及过去分词。

1. 现在分词当形容词用，表a.动作进行 b.主动 2. 过去分词当形容词用，表a.动作完成 b.主动

例：l. The girl drawing the picture is my sister. (画这幅画的女孩是我姊。)

2. The picture drawn by my sister is nice. (这幅我姊姊所画的画不错。) 分词的其它用法 (1) S + V +现在分词→现在分词可直接放在动词后，当补语使用 a. keep +现在分词：表\动作的持续或重复\。

例：l. He keeps standing for three hours. (他一直站了三小时。)

2. The dog kept barking all night. (那只狗整晚叫个不停。)

b. come (stand, sit?等)+现在分词→现在分词可作为come, stand, sit, lie等表静止或运动的动词之补语，表示两个动作同时进行。

例：1. The children came running to meet us. (小朋友跑来迎接我们。)

2. Jack stood looking at the monkeys. (Jack站着看猴子。)

(2) S+V+O+现在分词→现在分词可作为感官动词hear, see, feel…及keep, leave等动词的受词补语。

例：1. I saw her crossing the road. (我看见她穿越马路。)

2. Don't leave her waiting outside in the rain. (别让她在外面雨中等待。)

(3) S+V+O+过去分词→过去分词可作为make, have, see, hear, feel, want, wish, would like…等动词的受词补

语。

例：1. I could not make myself understood in English. (我的英文别人听不懂。)

2. She heard her name called. (她听到有人叫她的名字。) 3. I had my hair cut. (我剪头发了。)

比较：动名词及现在分词

动名词及现在分词的形皆为原形动词+ing ，但其功用不同。

◎动名词：动名词是一个动词，在使用时具有名词的特性，可当主词，受词及补语。

◎现在分词：进行式为be动词+现在分词，表一个动作正在进行。另外，现在分词也有形容词的功用，可修饰名词或当有些动词的受词补语。

例：1. Tom's hobby is painting. (动名词) (Tom的嗜好是画画。)

2. Tom is painting. (现在分词) (Tom正在画画。)

Unit 5 形容词

1. 形容词的用法

叙述用法→放be动词或连缀动词之后，补充说明主词。

例：1. He is old and sick. (他又老又病。)

2. Mark became hungry after two hours' work. (在工作两小时后，Mark变得很饿。) 3. Sea water tastes salty. (海水尝起来咸咸的。) 限定用法→修饰名词

◎形容词+名词

例：1. a useful book (一本有用的书) 2. physical education (体育) 注意：若有两个或以上的形容词修饰同一个名词，其次序是：

限词 this that an this a few five expensive useful 数量 品质 表性质、状态的形容词大小、 形状→颜色、新旧→材料、 地点 tall oblong red strong black gold silk Korean 材料 地点 watch tie boys boxes ◎something…等+形容词

an important thing (一件重要的事) something important (某件重要的事) 例：1. He eats nothing sweet. (甜的东西他一概不吃。)

2. Something terrible is about to happen. (某件可怕的事即将要发生。)

注意：

国名 China Japan Korea France Spain 某国的(形容词) 语言 Chinese Japanese Korean French Spanish Chinese Korean French German Spanish 全国人民(复数) the Chinese the Koreans the French the Germans the Spanish Japanese the Japanese Germany German 2. 表示数量的形容词

many ?可数复数名词much ?不可数名词(许多) ?→a lot of/lots of?? 例：l. Did he make many mistakes on the test? (他考试犯了许多错误吗？)

2. Is there much wine in the bottle? (瓶子里有许多酒吗？)

a few ?可数复数名词a little ?不可数名词(一些)?? some?? 例：1. These were a few children in the yard at that time. (那时有些小朋友在院子里。)

2. I gave her a little trouble. (我给她添了一些麻烦。)

few ?可数复数名词little?不可数名词(很少；几乎没有)?not many? not much

例：l. He is a man of few words. (他是个不太爱说话的人。)

2. There is little hope of his recovery. (他几乎没有复元的希望。)

some (一些)any (任何)??用于肯定句用于否定句，疑问句 例：l. He collects some foreign stamps. (他收集了一些外国邮票。)

2. There is not any tea in the cup. (杯子里没有茶了。)

注意：劝人吃东西，请人帮忙，或期待对方回答Yes时，问句里也用some。 例：1. Would you like some wine? (想要些葡萄酒吗？)

2. May I have some more coffee? (我可以再要些咖啡吗？)

3. 数词

基数 序数 基数 序数 1. one first (1st) 11. eleven eleventh (11th) 2. two second (2nd) 12. twelve twelfth (12th) 3. three third (3rd) 13. thirteen thirteenth (13th) 4. four fourth (4th) 15. fifteen fifteenth (15th) 5. five fifth (5th) 20. twenty twentieth (20th) 6. six sixth (6th) 21. twenty-one twenty-first (21st) 7. seven seventh (7th) 30. thirty thirtieth (30th) 8. eight eighth (8th) 40. forty fortieth (40th) 9. nine ninth (9th) 90. ninety ninetieth (90th) 10.ten tenth (l0th) 100. one hundred hundredth ( 100th) 数的读法 △整数

例：1. 12,345 → twelve thousand three hundred and forty-five

2. 3,874,516 → three million eight hundred and seventy-four thousand five hundred and sixteen

△小数：小数点为point

例：1. 3. 14 → three point one four

2. 27. 08 → twenty-seven point zero eight △分数：

分子?基数分母?序数。若分子超过1，则分母加s。

34例：1.

13→ one third 2. 2→ two and three fourths

△年月日

例：1. 2000年→(the year) two thousand

2. 1984年7月4日→July four(th), nineteen eighty-four

△时刻

例：1. 6:15→six fifteen/a quarter past six

2. 7:30→seven thirty/half past seven 3. 8:59→eight fifty-nine/one to nine

△温度

例：1. 摄氏25°C→twenty-five degrees centigrade/Celsius

2. 华氏93°F→ninety-three degrees Fahrenheit

△电话号码

例：2834-7509→two eight three four, seven five zero nine 数词的惯用表现 △hundreds/thousands/millions of…数以百/千/百万计的??

例：l. He has one hundred kinds of stamps. (他有100种邮票。)

2. Hundreds of children gathered in the playground. (数以百计的小朋友聚集在运动场。)

△in + one's/the +数词的复数形

例：l. She is in her twenties/teens. (她20几岁/ 10几岁。)

2. There was an antiwar movement in the nineteen-sixties. (在1960年代有一项反战运动。)

△数词-单数名词=形容词

例：1. It's only a ten-minute walk from here to the station. (从这里走路到车站只要十分钟路程。)

2. The young man married a 70-year-old woman. (那年轻人娶了一位70岁的女士。)

Unit 6 副词

1. 副词的功用 △修饰一般动词

例：He drives his car carefully. (他小心开车。)

△修饰形容词

例：He is a very careful driver. (他是一位很小心的驾驶。) △修饰另一个副词

例：He drives his car very carefully. (他开车非常小心。) 2. 副词的种类 (1)情状副词 形成 △形容词加ly

例：quick-quickly (快) careful-carefully (小心) △形容词字尾为le →去e加ly

例：terrible-terribly (可怕) comfortable-comfortably (舒适) △形容词字尾为子音+y →去y加ily

例：happy-happily (快乐) heavy-heavily (重的) △形容词字尾为ll→加y 例：full-fully (满) dull-dully (迟钝) △形容词字尾为ue →去e加ly 例：true-truly (真实) due-duly (适当) △形容词，副词同形

例：early (早)，late (晚)，enough (足够)，fast (快)，first (第一)，last (最后)等。 △不规则变化

例：good-well (好) 位置 △动词+副词=副词+动词

例：She danced beautifully. = She beautifully danced. (她舞得很美。) △动词+受词+副词=副词+动词+受词

例：All of us accepted the invitation gladly.

= All of us gladly accepted the invitation. (我们所有人都很乐意接受这邀请。)

△动词+介系词+受词+副词=副词+动词+介系词+受词=动词+副词+介系词+受词 例：She walked into the classroom quietly.

= She quietly walked into the classroom.

= She walked quietly into the classroom. (她安静地走进教室。)

△be动词+副词+ V-ing

例：He was anxiously waiting for her arrival. (他焦急地等着她的到来。 )