2020届江苏省扬州市高三上学期期末考试英语试题

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Marshall Islands 2019 Population: 58413 Shishmaref Alaska 2019 Population: 617 Residents of Marshall Islands, a chain of In 2016, people living in Shishmaref, Alaska, volcanic islands and coral atolls in the central located near the Bering Strait, voted to relocate Pacific Ocean, have known for years that they before melting icc and land erosion would have to either build new artificial islands to forced them to. Alaska had granted die city $8 relocate or raise the existing ones. million toward the move, but officials say it will cost S200 million. The sea level around Federal States of Micronesia is rising as much as______or so a year.

B. 3.1 mm

C. 6.6 mm

D. 9.3 mm

A. 1.1 mm

57. Which island has been granted some funds to relocate by the state government? A. Federal States of Micronesia

B. Tuvalu

C. Marshall Islands D. Shishmaref

B

The term “crocodile tears\term has an etymology dating back several centuries. As early as the fourth century, crocodile tears are referenced in the literature with the meaning of insincere sorrow. It is said that crocodiles weep while eating their hunted animals because they are sad; however, this sadness is not honest.

The term crocodile tears became widely popular after it was

documented in a fifteenth-century book titled The Voyage and Travel of Sir John Mandeville, Knight. A passage from the book reads: \

As you may already know, crocodilians (鳄目动物)likely feel bad about little—especially feeding. However, the assumption of the crocodile-tears metaphor may be true. In a 2007 paper published in BioScience titled

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“Crocodile Tears: And they eaten them wepynge ”(“Crocodile Tears: And they eat them weeping”), researchers observed 7 crocodilians in cages during feeding time at a reserve (4 caimans and 3 American alligators). The researchers observed the animals outside of water at feeding stations to better find out whether tearing developed. Five of the 7 crocodihans developed something like tears in their eyes before, during or after feeding. The researchers suggest that these crocodile tears occur because a crocodilian hisses （发出嘶嘶声）while it cats, and this hissing forces air through the spaces in the bone behind the nose and out the eye, in the process picking up nasolacrimal secretions （鼻泪管分泌物.

In humans, crocodile tears is a medical condition that causes a person to tear up while eating. Crocodile tears typically occur because of a temporary loss of facial control due to damage of the facial nerve. Specifically, when the facial nerve grows again, it does so incorrectly thus resulting in tears during chewing food. 58. The underlined word “etymology” in Paragraph 1 refers to___.

A.a reference book containing articles on various topics B.the origin and history of a particular term

C.a printed sheet of paper that arc given free to advertise D.the application and influeme of a new theory 59. The term \

A. is a medical condition that causes a crocodile to tear up B. became widely popular as early as the fourth century C. refers to pretended sadness D. proved to be only an assumption

60. From the 2007 paper published in BioScience, we can know that

A. crocodilians especially feel bad about feeding B. not all the 7 crocodilians developed tearing

C. the crocodilians were carefully observed inside water

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D. crocodile tears occur because a crocodilian hisses after it eats 61. The passage is mainly about___________.

A. what the real truth is about crocodile tears

B. when the term \C. how researchers made the experiment on crocodilians D. why crocodile tears typically occur in humans

C

For several decades, there has been an organized campaign intended to produce distrust in science, funded by those whose interests are threatened by the findings of modem science. In response, scientists have tended to stress the success of science. After all, scientists have been right about most things, from the structure of the universe to the relativity of time and space.

Stressing successes isn't wrong, but for many people ifs not persuasive. An alternative answer to the question “Why trust science?” is that scientists use the so-called scientific method. But what is called the scientific method isn't what scientists actually do. Science is dynamic: new methods get invented; old ones get abandoned; and at any particular point, scientists can be found doing many different things. False theories sometimes lead to true results, so even if an experiment works, it doesn't prove that the theory it was designed to test is true.

If there is no specific scientific method, then what is the basis for trust in science? The answer is the methods by which those claims are evaluated. A scientific claim is never accepted as true until it has gone through a long process of examination by fellow scientists. Scientists draft the initial version of a paper and then send it to colleagues for suggestions. Until this point, scientific feedback is typically fairly friendly. But the next step is different: the revised paper is submitted to a scientific journal, where things get a whole lot tougher. Editors deliberately send scientific papers to people who are not friends or colleagues of the authors, and the job of the reviewer is to find errors or other faults. We call this process \peers—experts in the same field—but they act in the role of a superior who has both the right and the

responsibility to find fault. It is only after the reviewers and the editor are satisfied that any problems have been

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fixed that the paper will be printed in the journal and enters the body of “science.\

Some people argue that we should not trust science because scientists arc “always changing their minds.\While examples of truly settled science being overturned are far fewer than is sometimes claimed, they do exist. But the beauty of this scientific process is that science produces both creativity and stability. New observations, ideas, explanations and attempts to combine competing claims introduce creativity; transformative questioning leads to collective decisions and the stability of scientific knowledge. Scientists do change their minds in the face of new evidence, but this is a strength of science, not a weakness. 62. Scientists stress the success of science in order to_____________. A. promote basic knowledge of science B. remind people of scientific achievements C. remove possible doubts about science D. show their attitude towards the campaign

63. What can we learn about the so-called scientific method? A. It's an easy job to prove its existence. B. It usually agrees with scientists* ideas. C. It hardly gets mixed with false theories. D. It constantly changes and progresses. 64. What can we learn about \A. It seldom gives negative evaluation of a paper. B. It is usually conducted by unfriendly experts. C. It aims to perfect the paper to be published. D. It happens at the beginning of the evaluation process.

65. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph implies that_________. A. it is not uncommon for science to be overturned

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