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D. 阅读词汇理解题 (Vocabulary in Context Questions)
阅读词汇理解题考察学生是否理解目标词在文章语境中的意思,一般考题会选择包含多种意思的单词。考生一定要回到文章内,把目标词汇圈出来,然后重新阅读目标词所在的原句。之后用选项词汇替代文章中的目标词汇,看看哪一个选项和原文中的目标词汇最为接近。
阅读词汇理解题的问题经常以以下形式出现: In line 65, “drive” most nearly means……
解题技巧:
? 目标词本身难度不大,但是考生一定不要仓促选择和目标词本义相近的选项,大部分阅
读词汇理解题目都会考查目标词的引申义、修辞义或语境义。
例一:
The world has outgrown its quaint rural intimacies, and now it?s the modern age: an order is put in for fifty cakes of Coal Tar Soap, and a few days later, a cart arrives and the order is delivered.
Question: According to the text, “ an order” most nearly means (A) a command from a military authority (B) an instruction to provide something (C) an established system of organizations
(D) a customary procedure (E) a logical arrangement
解析:如果按照order本义“顺序”去选,大部分考生都会选择 (C):“一个建立好的组织”。 但是从文章中可以发现,这里面的order应该是订单的意思,原文的大致意思是当今世界已经不再是古色古香的小作坊和亲密无间的街里街坊,现代社会即是“一旦商家收到一份50份蛋糕的订单,几天之后货车随即送货上门。”所以应该选择和订单意思相近的选项:an instruction to provide something (提供某物的指导)。 ?
那个突然跳进你脑海的意思通常都是目标词的常用义,通常都不是正确选项。一定要看context (上下文), 观察目标词汇周围的句子,它们一定会帮助你选出正确选项。
例二: Just before leaving home for college, Gogol changed his name to Nakhil.
Later that evening, out to dinner with Jonathan, Ashima slips, asking, “Gogol, have you decided yet what your major will be?”
Question: According to the text, “Slips” most nearly means (A) moves stealthily (B) slides involuntarily (C) forgets momentarily (D) addresses awkwardly
(E) escapes easily
解析:如果不看上下文,很容易想到slips的本义,即滑动,滑倒,那么应该选B,但是文中
的意思却是口误,Gogol的家人暂时忘了Gogol改名的事情,所以不小心口误叫了原来的名字,英文里面口误的叫法就是slip of the tongue,正确答案应该为C。 ?
如果考生不确定考察目标词的意思,就回到原文,根据上下文意思猜出该位置应该为何类何种意思的单词,然后选出放在语境下比较合适的选项即可。
例三:
With its sizeable free-ranging population now confined to Namibia, the cheetah is being pitched as a uniquely Namibian cat and thus a source of national pride. More than an ideal genetic profile, the cheetah needs a bit of panting room and all the public relations its noble bearing can buy.
Question: According to the text, “bearing” most nearly means (A) relationship or interconnection (B) the power of producing offspring (C) something that supports weight
(D) demeanor or presence (E) awareness of a situation
解析:目标词所在句子的前一句大意为纳米比亚的猎豹已经在当地享有盛誉。noble bearing 应该是buy 支配的宾语,这句话的意思是猎豹除了是一个理想化的形象,还需要一些喘息的空间和高贵的……可以获得的公共关系。那么……部分的词应该是身份或举止之类的词,选项D符合这个意思。而我们熟悉的bearing的意思承重放在这里则并不合适。
E. 语气、态度和语言问题 (Tone, Attitude, and Language Questions)
有些考题会让你判断一句话,一段话甚至一篇文章的语气,有些考题会考查你关于作者对某个问题的看法或态度。如果全文为叙述语气(一个故事),那么问题有可能是关于主人公对某事或某人的态度。一定要确定你在推测谁的(whose)语气,而且是在推测谁(who)对什么事物(what)的语气或态度。还会有些问题考查你对修辞(rhetoric)的理解或认识,或者某个语句的理解或认识。
除此之外,你应该能够分清语言的本义(literal meaning) 和修辞义(metaphorical language)。 本义指文中意义和语言本身意义一致,修辞义指文中意思是并非语言本义。 “My pockets are empty” 可能本义指我的兜里是空的,什么东西都没有,但是修辞意义可能是指我破产了或者我很穷。
以下是一些SAT语气态度的关键词: Indignant: 因为不公平不公正而感到愤慨 Objective:中立的,客观的
Subjective: 主观的,基于个人情感经验的
Whimsical: 古怪的,异想天开的
Comedic, humorous: 有意思的,幽默的 (SAT考试中的幽默不是简单的开玩笑,而是
有寓意在里面的。)
Ironic:反语的,讽刺的
Nostalgic: 思乡的,怀旧的
Detached: 中立的,不掺入私人情感因素在里面 Resigned: 顺从地接受 Wistful: 渴望的
Scornful, disdainful, contemptuous: 鄙视的,轻蔑的 Equivocal: 故意模糊或误导的 Ambivalent: 模棱两可的
Cynical: 愤世嫉俗的,悲观的 Witty: 智慧的,狡黠的 Didactic: 说教的 Awe: 敬畏
Derisive, sardonic, sarcastic: 讽刺的
Skeptical, incredulous, dubious: 不相信的,怀疑的 Adulatory, laudatory: 高度赞扬的,崇拜的
要特别注意那些修饰态度词的词语。如果态度是unbridled enthusiasm (不加拘束的热情),那么你就知道作者的态度一定是不加掩饰的积极热情。如果有选项是veiled hostility (被掩饰的敌意), 那么文中敌意的情绪一定是间接表达的。
例一:
(节选) Mr. Beebe, a clergyman, is speaking with Cecil Vyse about a mutual acquaintance, Lucy Honeychurch.
“Lucy Honeychurch has no faults,” said Cecil, with grave sincerity.
Question: Cecil?s remark in line 1 (“Lucy…faults”) is made in a tone of (A) great conviction (B) studied neutrality (C) playful irony (D) genuine surprise (E) weary cynicism
解析:这道题很简单,只要能看懂原文的grave sincerity (十分严肃的真诚) ,就能够选出正
确选项 (A) great conviction (相当确认),其它选项的意思分别为:审慎的中立,调
侃的讽刺,真诚的吃惊和让人感到疲倦的犬儒主义。
例二: (节选)
For the reader armed with these data, the story becomes more accessible as a lesson in
contract law, with several additional minor themes.
Question: The author?s attitude toward the story is best described as (A) excitement at an unexpected discovery (B) admiration of the storyteller?s performance
(C) appreciation of the folktale as a means of communication values
(D) enthusiasm for the cultural concept of legality (E) enjoyment of the comical aspects of the folklore
解析:本题的关键是要进行名词分析,像excitement, enthusiasm和enjoyment这样表示欣喜愉悦的词汇,原文需要有一些表达感情的词汇在里面才能表达作者的激动之情。但是原文只是冷静客观地叙述story的意义,所以应该排除(A), (B)和 (E), 而文中提到这个故事可以在contract law方面起到作用,而这个话题是属于沟通范畴的,所以应该选择 (C)。
F. 划线内容理解题 (Main Purpose Questions)
划线内容理解题目考查学生对划线部分内容的理解。有两种类型划线内容理解题目:细节理解题和目的功能题。
1. 细节理解题
细节题目考察考生是否理解文章中的一段细节。考生需要回到原文用下划线或者括号划出相关语句,但是不要以为答案就会从本句得出。一般情况下,答案的线索要从划线部分的前面一句话得出,有时候线索要从划线部分的后一句得出。试着用自己的话把划线部分进行同义转述。(paraphrase)
问题经常以以下形式出现:
The question in lines 4-5 is based on which of the following assumptions? The author uses which of the following in the fourth paragraph?
In line 16-18 the author distinguishes between……
解题技巧:
? 至少要读划线题目的前面一句和后面一句,从上下文得出正确答案。
例一
To conduct some forms of sleep research, we have to find a way to track sleepiness over the day. Some people might believe that measuring sleepiness is a fairly trivial task. Couldn’t you, for instance, simply count the number of times a person yawns during any given hour or so?
Question: The question in italics is based on which of the following assumptions? (A) Direct observation is the only reliable method of conducting sleep research. (B) People will yawn most frequently in the moments before they fall asleep. (C) There is a direct correlation between yawning and sleepiness.
(D) Yawning is a behavior over which individuals exert little conscious control. (E) Conducting sleep research is a time-consuming process.
解析:斜线部分内容的意思是“我们不能只是简单计算一下一个人在某一小时打哈欠的次数吗?”如果只看这一部分我们并不知道这段的主旨是什么。但是通过阅读前一句就会明白作者在陈述某些人的观点,他们认为睡眠测试是一件易如反掌的事情。所以划线部分就是他们的误解,而这一误解肯定是建立在认为计算打呵欠次数就是测量睡眠情况这一假设之上的,所以正确答案应该选C。 1
1
由于本书引用例子为考试题目节选,因此用斜线部分题目来表示所考查内容。
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