时态呼应在情态动词+have+done结构中的应用

时态呼应在“情态动词+have done”中的应用

河南省濮阳县第三中学 刘瑞扬

作为每年各省市高考英语知识考查的重点之一，“情态动词+have done”结构因其既可用于表示对过去推测、又可用于表对过去虚拟的复杂性，又加上同学们往往忽视题目所给予的上下文时态呼应方面的暗示，因而成为同学们学习和备考的难点之一。笔者认为，只要注意上下文语境的提示，判断出上下语境的真实时态，充分地应用上下时态呼应的原则，就不难选择出正确的“情态动词+have done”结构。请看下列题目：

1. The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I_____ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.( 2006江西)

A. shouldn’t have taken B. could have taken C. needn’t have taken D. mustn’t have taken

答案与简析：因为首句的时态是一般过去时，根据时态呼应的原则，所以本句应为对过去情况的叙述，又根据“我本没有必要随身带伞”句意，所以本句应为与过去情况相反的虚拟语气。故答案为C。

2. ---Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.

---Thanks. You _____ it. I could manage it myself. (2005福建)

A. needn’t do B. needn’t have done C. mustn’t do D. shouldn’t have done 答案与简析：由首句的“have cleaned”和其后的“I could manage it myself”，断定此句应为对过去动作的追叙，所以真实的时态应为过去时，排除A项和C项，又D项强调责备的语气，不合句意。故答案为B。

3. ---The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned. ---Oh, dear! She_____ a lot of difficulties! (2005江苏)

A. may go through B. might go through C. ought to have gone through D. must have gone through

答案与简析：由首句stayed和returned断定上下语境应为过去时，所以排除A项和B项，C项表“某事本该做而实际却没做”的虚拟语气，不合语境排除，本句应为对过去情况的肯定推测，故答案为D。

4. Mr. White_____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up. (2004广西)

A. should have arrived B. should C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving 答案与简析：由but后的时态断定前句应为过去时，所以排除B项和D项，又强调“应该到而实际未到”的虚拟，而排除C项，所以答案为A。

5. He_____ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside. (2005北京)

A. should B. must C. wouldn’t D. can’t

答案与简析：后句真正的含义为he is enjoying himself by the seaside now。由此结果可以 推测出“他一定已经完成了他的工作”，所以本句应为对过去情况的肯定推测，故答案为B。

反过来，如果上下文语境出现了“情态动词+have done”的结构，那么凭此就可以得出上下语境的应是对过去情况的推测或虚拟，其真实时态应是过去时，进而得出正确的答案。请看下列题目：

6. ---If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 o’clock. ---What a pity! Tina_____ here to see you.(2005湖南)

A. is B. was C. would be D. has been

答案与简析：首句是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，真实含义为the traffic was so heavy and I wasn’t back，从而可得出语境的真实时态为一般过去时，所以排除A项和D项，而C项强调“过去的将来”可排除，故答案为B。

7. Kate could have come to the party, but she_____ not find the exact time. A. can B. could C. will D. would

答案与简析：首句真实意思为Kate didn’t come to the party，断定时态为过去时，所以根据时态的呼应可排除A项和C项，再由D项不合语境，故答案为B。 8. John_____ yet, otherwise he would have phoned me. A. mustn’t have arrived B. shouldn’t have arrived C. can’t have arrived D. can’t arrive

答案与简析：由后句与过去情况相反的虚拟可知，其含义为he didn’t phone me，其语境时态为过去时，可排除D项，must不能表否定的推测可排除A项，B项不合句意。故答案为C。

练一练：

1. I have lost one of my gloves. I_____ it somewhere.(2005北京春)

A. must drop B. must have dropped C. must be dropping D. must have been dropped 2. I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They_____ at least 150 kilometers an hour. (2005重庆)

A. should have been doing B. must have been doing C. could have done D. would have done

3. I_____ have been more than six years old when the accident happened. (2005天津) A. shouldn’t B. couldn’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t 4. ---Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today? ---Something_____ to him. (2005江西)

A. must happen B. should have happened C. could have happened D. must have happened

5. He paid for a seat, when he_____ have entered free. (2005山东) A. could B. would C. must D. need 6. ---I stayed at a hotel while in London. ---Oh, did you? You_____ with Kate.

A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed 7. She_____ us more help, even though she was very busy.

A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give 8. ---Well done, Tom!

---Thanks. But given more time, I_____ it better.

A. shouldn’t have done B. could have done C. might not do D. could do 9. ---I’m told that she had another car accident this morning. ---I believe not. She_____ that careless.

A. shouldn’t have been B. wouldn’t have been C. couldn’t have been D. mustn’t have been

10. _____ it_____ for her help, I couldn’t have completed the task on time.

A. Had; not been B. Should; not been C. Did; not been D. Not; be

11. ---We _____ you at that party.

---I’m sorry. I should have called you to say I couldn’t be here until today. A. expect B. had expected C. are expecting D. expected

12. I_____ her in the meeting room this morning, so she couldn’t have spoken at the meeting. A. don’t see B. didn’t see C. can’t see D. won’t see

Key: 1—5BBBDA 6—10AABCA 11—12DB