语言学

十三．Speech community (言语社团) ：

It refers to the social group that is singled out for any special socio-linguistic study .

十四．Speech variety (语言变体) ：

It’s also known as language variety . It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers .

十五．Dialectal varieties / Dialects (方言变体) ：

1. Regional dialect : It’s a language variety used by people living in the same geographical region .

2. Temporal dialect : It’s a language variety determined by time people lived in . 3. Sociolect :

It’s a language variety characteristic of a particular social class . 4. Idiolect (个人方言) ：

It’s a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional , social , gender and age variations . 5. Standard dialect : It’s a particular language variety that has no connection with a particular region but widely accepted and normally used in a official document , newspaper , newscast , taught in schools and to non-native speakers . 十六．Pidgin (洋泾浜语) ：

It’s a special language variety that mixes or blends language . It’s used by people who speak different language for restricted purposes such as trading . Ex: “ Long time no see ” .

十七．Creole (克里奥尔语/混合语)

When a Pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community and it’s acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language . It’s said to have become a Creole . 十八．Bilingualism (双语现象) ：

In some speech communities , 2 languages are used side by side with each having a different road to play and language switching occurs when the situation changes . These constitutes the situation of bilingualism . 十九．Diglossia (双语体) ：

It refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism . But instead of 2 different languages , in a diglossia situation , 2 varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community with each having a definite road to play . 二十. Registers (语域) ： （1） Narrow : occupation

（2） Broad : It’s a language variety resulted from configuration of several contextual features . 二十一. Code switching

（语码转换）：

It refers to the alteration between one or more languages , dialects and

registers . In the course of discourse , between people who have more than one language in common .

二十二. Linguistic determinism : (语言决定论)

Our language helps mould our way of thinking . Language may determine our thinking patterns .

二十三. Linguistic relativity : (语言相对论)

（1）Different languages may probably express speakers’ unique ways of understanding the world . (2) Similarity between languages is relative . (3) For two different speech communities , the greater their structural differentiation is , the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be .

二十四. Cognitive Linguistics (认知语言学)：

1. Categorization范畴化(superordinate--basic--subordinate越来越具体) Categorization is a process of classifying of experience into different categories , based on commonalities and differences . (1) Superordinate level（上谓层次）--- the most general ones

Superordinate categories are the most general ones . The members of a Superordinate categories do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level . This is parasitical categorization . The idea is that you actually borrow some features from a basic level category and apply them to the Superordinate category . (a) Superordinate categories are less good categories than basic level

categories , because although members are relatively distinct from members of neighboring categories , within-category resemblance is relatively low ;

(b) Superordinate categories have fewer defining features than basic level categories ;

(c) Immediate superordinates of basic level categories often have a single-attribute relation to a higher superordinate category .

(d) Linguistically , names for superordinate categories are often mass nouns (集合名词) when basic level terms are count nouns . (2) Basic level (基本层次) -- based on (1) and (3)

The categories at the basic level are those that are most culturally salient and are required to fulfill our cognitive needs the best .

（a）It is the most inclusive level at which there are characteristic patterns of behavioral interaction . (b) The most inclusive level for which a clear visual image can be formed . (c) The most inclusive level at which part-whole information is represented . The level used for everyday reference .

(3) Subordinate level (下属层次) -- the most specific ones

They have clearly identifiable gestalts and lots of individual specific features . At this level we perceive the differences between the members of the basic level categories . They are typically composite forms . One such example is that of compound nouns .