2018年高三招生考试20套模拟测试英语试题含答案 - 图文

A. Teasing. B. Appreciating. C. Defensive. D. Critical.

B

New U．S. nutrition labels will emphasize calories and sugar

By Alexandra Sifferlin

AFTER MORE THAN 20 YEARS, NUTRITION LABELS IN THE U．S. ARE GETTING A MAKEOVER. THAT'S THANKS TO a new directive from the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that will require significant changes to the labels that appear on packaged foods. The nutrition facts are meant to serve as a window into a food's healthfulness, and 77% of Americans say they read them, but they can be misleading or confusing. In 2018, food companies will have to single out added sugars—sweeteners added to foods, as opposed to those that occur naturally, like those in fruit. They'll also have to bump up the size of the type that lists the total number of calories, and tweak serving sizes to be more in line with how much people are likely to eat in one sitting. “It will be easier for shoppers to tell how much sugar is in food and ought to encourage food companies to reduce the amounts，” says Marion Nestle, a nutrition expert at New York University. “These changes are cause for celebration.”

( )59. What does the underlined word “those” in Paragraph 1 refer to? A. Nutrition facts. B. Food companies. C. Sugars. D. Calories.

( )60. In which aspect is the change of calories emphasized on the new nutrition label?

A. Type size. B. Total number.

C. Amount per serving. D. Calories from fat.

( )61. What can be inferred from the paragraph entitled “ADDED SUGARS”？ A. You can find a picture of sweeteners on the new label. B. Total sugars account for 13% of people's daily calories. C. You can know the exact amount of sweeteners on the new label. D. More sugars are required to be added to foods during manufacturing.

C

Everyone knows that the Internet has changed how businesses operate, governments function, and people live. But a new, less visible technological trend is just as transformative: “big data”. Big data starts with the fact that there is a lot more information floating around these days than ever before, and it is being put to extraordinary new uses. Big data is distinct from the Internet, although the Web makes it much easier to collect and share data. Big data is about more than just communication: the idea is that we can learn from a large body of information things that we could not comprehend when we used only smaller amounts.

Big data will have implications far beyond medicine and consumer goods: it will profoundly change how governments work and change the nature of politics. When it comes to generating economic growth, providing public services, or fighting wars, those who can harness big data effectively will enjoy a significant advantage over others. So far, the most exciting work is happening at the municipal(城市的) level, where it is easier to access data and to experiment with the information. In an effort spearheaded by New York City mayor's office, the city is using big data to improve public services and lower costs. One example is a new fire-prevention strategy.

Illegally subdivided buildings are far more likely than other buildings to go up in flames. The city gets 25，000 complaints about overcrowded buildings a year, but it has only 200 inspectors to respond. A small team of analytics specialists in the mayor's office thought that big data could help resolve this imbalance between needs and resources. The team created a database of all buildings in the city and augmented it with data collected by 19 city agencies: records of tax, abnormal conditions in utility(公用设施) usage, service cuts, missed payments, ambulance visits, local crime rates, and more. Then, they compared this database to records of building fires from the past five years, ranked by severity, hoping to uncover correlations. Not surprisingly, among the predictors of a fire were the type of building and the year it was built. Less expected, however, was the finding that buildings obtaining permits for exterior brickwork(砖砌外墙) correlated with lower risks of severe fire.

Using all this data allowed the team to create a system that could help them

determine which overcrowding complaints needed urgent attention. None of the buildings' characteristics they recorded caused fires; rather, they correlated with an increased or decreased risk of fire. That knowledge has proved immensely valuable: in the past, building inspectors issued vacate(搬出) orders in 13 percent of their visits; using the new method, that figure rose to 70 percent—a huge efficiency gain.

Of course, insurance companies have long used similar methods to estimate fire risks, but they mainly rely on only a handful of factors and usually ones that intuitively(凭直觉地) correspond with fires. By contrast, New York City's big—data approach was able to examine many more variables, including ones that would not at first seem to have any relation to fire risk. And the city's model was cheaper and faster, since it made use of existing data. Most important, the big-data predictions are probably more on target, too.

Big data is also helping increase the transparency(透明度) of democratic governance. A movement has grown up around the idea of “open data”， which goes beyond the freedom-of-information laws that are now commonplace in developed democracies. Supporters call on governments to make the vast amounts of data that they hold easily available to the public. The United States has been at the forefront, with its Data.gov website, and many other countries have followed.

At the same time as governments promote the use of big data, they will also need to protect citizens against unhealthy market dominance(垄断). Companies such as Google, Amazon, and Facebook—as well as lesser-known “data brokers”， such as Acxiom and Experian—are amassing vast amounts of information on everyone and everything. Antitrust laws protect against the dominance of markets for goods and services such as software or media outlets, because the sizes of the markets for those goods are relatively easy to estimate. But how should governments apply antitrust rules to big data, a market that is hard to define and that is constantly changing form? Meanwhile, privacy will become an even bigger worry, since more data will almost certainly lead to more exposure of private information, a downside of big data that current technologies and laws seem unlikely to prevent.

( )62. According to the passage, what is the final purpose of New York City