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定语从句讲与练
一、定语的概念:
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。比如:
(先试试用横线划出下面短语中的定语,然后在后面的括号里注明是什么在作定语) a beautiful girl ( ) Jim’s father ( )
three boys ( ) our teacher ( )
the man standing at the door ( )
a shoe factory ( )
the man in the car ( )
the man who is talking with Sam ( )
二、定语从句的概念及主要特征:
1.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词;定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后;引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
请划出下列句子中的定语从句、先行词及关系代词:
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 2. 定语从句的主要特征:
(1)先行词要在从句中充当一定的成分;(2)what永远不能引导定语从句; (3)翻译时先译从句,翻译成“…….的”
三、定语从句的基本用法:
定语从句的引导词关系代词指人指物who(主语、宾语),whom(宾语),that(主语、宾语), whose(定语)that(主语、宾语),which(主语、宾语)whose(定语)where (地点状语)关系副词when (时间状语)why (原因状语)
(一)关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who 指人,在定语从句中作主语,有时也作宾语。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。 分析:先行词the boys 在从句中作主语。
Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。 Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
You needn’t talk to the people who you don’t like talking to. 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
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2.whom 指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
注意:关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替,也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend. 3. whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 译成汉语:_________________________________ 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
I lost the book whose cover was blue. 我把那本封面是蓝色的书弄丢了。 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
We live in a house whose windows face the south. 译成汉语:_________________________
注意:指物时,常用下列结构来代替:
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. =The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? =Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
自己总结一下:在定语从句中,whose + 名词= ___________________________
4.which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 译成汉语:____________________ 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 译成汉语:___________________________ 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没
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有。
分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
5.that 引导定语从句时,既可以指人,也可以指物。指人时,相当于who 或whom;指物时,相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。
分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿? 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The person that / / you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。 The season that / comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。
Yesterday I received a letter that /_______ came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。
(二) 关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。常可以用in/on/at which代替。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学 校的那一天。
分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。 分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。
把这个句子改成两个简单句:___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗?
把这个句子改成两个简单句:___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
2. where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。常可用in/on/at which代替。 Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
把这个句子改成两个简单句:___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
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The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。
把这个句子改成两个简单句:___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。
分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗?
分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
注意:当先行词是situation, occasion, point时,且又在从句中作状语时,常用where来引导定语从句。 Sometimes you will find yourself in a situation where you felt very embarrassed(尴尬). He has reached a point where nobody can compare with him.
3. why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。常可用for which来代替。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。
分析:先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 译成汉语:____________________
注意:关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如: From the years when (=______________) he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时,他就已经知道长大后要做什么。
I will never forget the moment when (=______________) the blind students moved us.
Great changes are taking place in the city where (=______________) they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。
The reason why (=______________) he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。
四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
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