非谓语动词讲义

非谓语动词讲义：

一．非谓语动词：动词的某种特殊形式，在句子中做除谓语外的其他成分。 分类：动词不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词。 二．动词不定式：构成：to do。否定形式：not to do . 1.不定式的时态和语态： 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing XXX 一般式：表示不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在谓语动词的动作之后发生。

eg: I plan to live a busy life in high school. She seems to be unhappy.

The computer needs to be repaired.

完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。 eg: I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. The house seems to have been broken into.

进行式：不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。 eg: She pretended to be reading when her mother came in. He happened to be searching my bag when I came in. 2.句法功能：

做主语：To see is to believe. 眼见为实/百闻不如一见。 It is adj for/of sb to do sth. 对某人来说，做某事是 It is impossible for me to live alone in Beijing. It is not easy to find your way around the town.

做宾语：afford, agree, aim, bear, begin, bother, care, choose, continue, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, pretend, refuse, remember, want, wish, promise, happen eg: She has determined to be a leader.

注: 如果不定式做宾语，且后面有宾补时，把不定式后置，用it来做形式宾语。 eg: We can make it possible to make progress in a short time. She finds it difficult not to cry in face of difficulties. 做表语：eg: My goal is to get high marks in my next exam.

做宾补：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, direct, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn.

eg: I was interested in astronomy and he asked me to give a presentation to the class. 感官动词和使役动词后不定式省略to。

eg: Festivals let us enjoy life and forget our work for a little while. 做定语：I am always the first person to get to the office. 主谓关系

The road to be built will shorten the distance between my home and school. 动宾关系 如果是不及物动词，要有介词相搭配

eg: She has no room to live in. She is a pleasant person to work with.

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Healthy eating along with regular exercise is the only way to become fit. 同位关系 the ability/chance/right/way/

注：如果句子主语，不定式和不定式修饰的名词之间构成主谓宾的关系，那么不定式就可以用主动形式表示被动关系。

eg: I have two letters to post. Do you have anything to say? Do you have anything to be taken to your son? 做状语：

目的状语：eg: Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year to visit her. To make friends easily, you need to be very kind. 结果状语：eg: I am too tired to stay up longer. She is too old to walk by herself.

only to do表示在意料之外不想要的结果。

eg: Jane hurried back only to find her mother had already died in the hospital.

原因状语：eg: I am so excited to be here.

有do没to: but，except, be前有实意动词do或它的某种形式，省略to。 eg: I have nothing to do but watch TV all day long. Tom have no choice but to give it up. What I want to do is stay at home. What I want is to stay with you.

动名词：词性相当于名词，含义表示动作。doing 1.时态和语态构成： 主动式 被动式 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 一般式：动名词的动作可以发生在各个时间。 eg: When I asked him, he avoided giving me a definite answer. He looks forward to being given another chance. 完成式：动名词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。 eg: He apologized for having broken his promise.

Neil denies having broken the window, but I am sure he did. I hate being laughed at in public.

I appreciate being given this opportunity. 2.动名词的句法功能：

1.做主语：eg: Travelling in space by ordinary citizens will be common. Cloning a plant is simple but cloning an animal is difficult. 形式主语：It is no use/no good doing sth.

eg: It is no use complaining without taking any action.

2.做宾语：admit; allow; avoid; appreciate; consider; delay; deny; dislike; enjoy; escape; fancy; finish; imagine; include; keep; mind; miss; practise; resist; suggest; stand; insist on; feel like; get down to; look forward to; put up with

eg: He will keep trying out new ideas so he can help farmers around China.

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Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.

eg: They developed new methods of growing food, hunting and moving around. 3.做表语：eg: The most interesting part of my journey is seeing bears in the mountain. 4.作定语：a swimming pool; a walking stick; a changing room; a waiting room; building material; working hours; an opening speech; landing place; teaching system; living standard; dividing line.

3动名词的复合结构：当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词前加上形物主或名词所有格。 做主语：形物主/所有格+doing

作宾语：形物主/所有格+doing；sb/宾格+doing(口语) eg: Her coming to help encouraged all of us. Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. Would you mind my/me using your telescope?

We are looking forward to the expert’s/expert coming to give us a lecture. 如果动名词的逻辑主语为无生命的东西，用名词/人称代词的宾格+doing。 eg: The experiment can’t be carried out because of the equipment being out of order. In 1949, New China, like a sun rising in the east, appeared in the world.

现在分词：主动关系，正在进行。 1.现在分词的时态和语态： 主动式 被动式 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 一般式：现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，或发生在谓语动作动作之前。

eg: Walking down the street, he hears someone calling him. Following the guide, we walked through the forest. The question being questioned is of great importance. 完成式：分词动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。

eg: Having been ill for two weeks, she felt rather weak.

Having lived in New York for years, I know every part of it well.

Having been seriously injured in the accident, he had to be taken to the hospital immediately.

2.现在分词的句法功能：

做定语：单个词放在名词前，短语放在名词后。 eg: The man sitting at the back is Mr Smith.

Those people wishing to join this club should sign here. 做补语：see; hear; notice; watch; keep; find; feel sb doing sth. eg: She could feel her heart beating with fear.

I looked down into the water and could see him swimming by the boat. 做状语：

eg: Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn’t take much notice.

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Having worked all day, I went to bed early. 过去分词：done表示被动关系，已经完成。

eg: Greatly encouraged, we made up our mind to carry on the hard work. Not treated in time, the injured woman died soon. 句法功能：

作定语：单个过去分词放名词前，过去分词短语放名词后。 eg: used books; a written report; written English; spoken English the language spoken in that country; a book written by Lu Xun 注意:不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成，不表示被动。

eg: a retired teacher; the fallen leaves; the returned overseas Chinese; a developed country; faded flowers; departed friends 做补语：

eg: Keep your eyes shut for two minutes. I expect this plan carried out successfully.

Get your answers checked before you hand in the papers. One boy was found lost when they came back home. Almost no student is seen punished in this school. 作状语：

eg: Asked about his address, the boy didn’t respond.

Bitten by the snake in the bush, Susan was sent back to the camp. The child behaves very well, well brought up by his parents.

Given more time and money, we would have done the work better. United, we stand; divided, we fall. 合则立，分则败。 Seen in the distance, the village looks more beautiful. The pop star hurried up to her car, followed by her fans.

独立主格：当非谓语动词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，需要把非谓语动词的逻辑主语写出来。

构成：逻辑主语+不定式: No one to wake me up, I might be late for the first class. 逻辑主语+现在分词: His face being pale, the teacher was giving a lecture. 逻辑主语+过去分词: The signal given, the train started.

逻辑主语+名词: Many people come to visit the city, most of them foreigners. 逻辑主语+形容词: The little girl entered the room, her face red with cold. 逻辑主语+副词: The music on, I can’t focus on the work.

逻辑主语+介词短语(逻辑主语用零冠词): Toy in hand, the boy stopped crying.

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