交通运输专业英语lesson10~lesson16部分翻译

1. All industrial activities impact on the natural and human environment .the creation of a motor car starts with the search for raw materials. although iron ,from which steel is made ,is one of the most common elements ,its quarrying or mining causes environmental problems .the same is true for all the other materials used in a car ,from bauxite for aluminum to oil and gas for plastics. fortunately iron, steel and aluminum are easily recycled at the end of a car’s life and this eases the environmental burden somewhat. 所有工业活动影响的自然和人类环境，汽车的创造开始了对原材料的研究。尽管由钢制成的铁是一种最常见的元素之一，但其开采还是引起了环境问题。这同样适用于所有在汽车中使用的其它材料，从铝土矿中的铝到石油和天然气制塑料。幸运的是铁，钢和铝在汽车报废后很容易回收利用，这减轻了一些环境负担。 2. Nevertheless, steel production, aluminum smelting, production of plastics, glass and the other materials used to make up a car cause pollution to varying degrees and used energy ,often in the form of fossil fuels. one example is the electronics industry ,which traditionally has used large quantities of CFCs to clean printed circuit boards, many of which find their way into the modern car and truck. 然而，钢铁生产，铝冶炼，生产塑料，玻璃和用于弥补汽车造成污染程度不同的其他材料和能源使用，往往在化石燃料的形式。一个例子是电子行业，传统上使用了大量的氟氯化碳清洗印刷电路板，其中许多找到自己的方式融入到现代的汽车和卡车 3. The use of motor vehicles can produce a number of other types of pollution. evaporative emissions of hydrocarbons result from evaporation of fuel from cars, depots, tankers and fuel stations. soil pollution may result from oil leaks from vehicles ,fuel stations and garages ,as well as the illegal-though widespread-disposal of used lubricants .infrastructure related to vehicle use ,such as roads ,cars parks , fuel stations and garages, should also be included when assessing the total environmental impact of motor vehicles. 机动车辆的使用可以产生许多其他类型的污染的。碳氢化合物蒸发排放导致从汽车，油库，油罐车和加油站蒸发的燃料。土壤污染可能由漏油车辆，加油站和车库，以及非法 - 尽管普遍处置使用润滑剂导致。基础设施与车辆的使用，如公路，停车场，加油站，车库，也应在评估汽车的总的环境影响时包括在内。 4. Vehicles disposal is becoming increasingly problematic, especially in the more densely motorized parts of the world, such as Western Europe .with a rapidly rising vehicle parc and an average car life span of around 10 to 12 years, the burden on the existing vehicle-dismantling infrastructure is increasing and adding to the general waste burden of industrialized societies. 车辆处置正变得越来越问题化了，尤其在汽车越来越密集的世界部分地区，例如西欧。与迅速崛起的汽车保有量及汽车的平均寿命达到10 ?12年，目前汽车分解设施的压力与日俱增，而且增加了工业化社会的一般废弃物负担。 5. USA standards ,or standards based on them ,have also been introduced in other countries ,including Australia and South Korea and a number of EFTA (European Free Trade Association) countries ,who adopted them in the late of 1980s .this move was partly an expression of frustration with the lack of progress in emissions legislation in the Europe ,especially by the EC (European Community). 美国标准，或基于这些美国的标准，也已被其他国家，包括澳大利亚和韩国等多家EFTA （欧洲自由贸易协会）国家所引进，这些国家在20世纪80年代后期通过了这些标准。此举在一定程度上是一个在欧洲排放法规的缺乏进展挫折的表达，特别是通过欧共体（欧洲共同体） 6. Forthcoming legislation in most countries involves further tightening of the limits on exists pollutants according to existing frameworks ,but there are two developments that move beyond this .first of all there is the commitment by the Commission of the European Community (CEC) to the introduction of some form of carbon tax in order to combat CO2 emissions and thus global warming .This development has suffered some set-backs ,but the commitment remains and a number of individual Member States have put in place specific measures to reach particular standards by a set date ,in line with EC agreements. 在大多数国家即将出台的法规包括进一步收紧对根据现有框架存在污染物的限制，但有两个发展是超越这一点。首先出现的是欧洲共同体委员会（CEC )为了打击二氧化碳排放量和因此引起的全球变暖而引入某种形式的碳税。这一发展遭受了一些挫折，但承诺仍然存在而且一些个别会员国已经在某个时间出台了具体措施，以达到特定与欧盟的协议一致的标准。 7. Other raw materials used by the industry include glass （made for sands），which is used in large quantities in widow ，lights，etc . plastics are becoming more and more important and create a demand on the chemical industry. They are used in seat，fascias，instrument panels，type，etc. countless other raw materials are also used——such as china clay used in paints，slates，wood，cloth，etc. 工业使用的其他原材料包括玻璃（用砂制造） ，用于大批量的窗户，灯等。塑料正变得越来越重要，并在化工厂创造一个的需求。它们用在座位上，安全带，仪表板，类型等等。无数的其他原料也用 - 如瓷土用在油漆，石板，木板，布等。 8. The environment damage caused by a mining operation will depend on the form of mining being undertaken .minerals can be mined by open-cast，open-pit or underground methods. Open-pit and open-cast mines involve the extraction of minerals by the stripping away of soil and waste rock from the ground surface to expose valuable materials. 采矿作业引起环境的破坏将取决于正在进行开采的形式。矿石可以通过露天矿山，露天矿坑或地下方式开采。露天矿坑和露天矿山采矿包括矿物提取，通过从地面剥离土壤和废石的来暴露有价值的材料的方式。 9. Underground mining involves extracting ores from the ground surface without actually stripping away the ground cover. Open-cast and open-pit mines tend to cause aesthetic damage owing to the open nature of the mine. The damage caused is usually transient, as more open-cast operations do not remain in operation for longer then 10~15 地下开采涉及到提取地表矿石没有实际上剥离了地面覆盖。露天矿山和露天矿坑往往会由于矿山的开放性引起审美的伤害。造成的损害通常是短暂的，因为大多的露天矿山在开采10～15年后不在存留。在开采结束后，矿山常常已某种方式恢复原状。 10. Environmental problems associated with tailing ponds to include damage to surrounding wildlife and seepage of fluids into the ground water. The rehabilitation of tailing ponds after use can be extremely difficult. The ground around them and in them can be highly poisonous and could take years to neutralize to standard that supports plant life. 环境问题与尾矿库，包括损坏周围的野生动物和液体渗到地下水有关。使用后尾矿池的康复是非常困难的。，在他们周围的地面可能是高度有毒，可能需要数年去中和达到支持植物的生命的标准。 11.Atmospheric pollution is created whenever and wherever carbon fuels are burned and put road transport into perspective it is necessary to consider all the various users. Altogether the UK burns the equivalent of 220*10^6t of oil every year.Of this,20*10^6t(measured in million tonnes oil equivalent-mtoe) is clean primary electricity produced by hydro-electricity and nuclear power stations, the other 200mtoe is produced by burning gas, oil or coal. 无论何时何地，碳燃料燃烧都会产生大气污染，并从公路运输的角度看，有必要考虑所有不同的使用者。英国每年总的燃烧石油的量相当于220×10^6吨。其中，20×10^6吨（100万吨相当于1mtoe）是由水电和核电站所产生的清洁主要电力外，其他200mtoe是通过燃烧天然气，石油或煤生产 12.Although there are too many variables involved to ensure complete accuracy, the respective amounts are of the right order and show , for example, the generally underestimated importance of diesel cars, light car-derived vans and medium commercials i.e. LCVS, or light commercial vehicles. 尽管有许多涉及去确保准确完成的变数，但是各自的数据是正确的排序而且显示，例如，柴油轿车，轻型汽车衍生的货车和中型商务汽车即轻型商用车，或轻型商用车。 13.The analysis shows that the UK’s 460,000 HGVs use an estimated 5.58×10^6t of fuel, which represents 16% of total road transport energy and some 2.5% of the total UK energy demand. This is less than UK based aircraft and less than one-quarter of that used by cars and light commercials and less one-fifth the energy used in our homes. On this basis alone the road haulage industry is hardly a major emission culprit. 分析表明，英国的460,000重型货车使用的燃料大约5.58吨，即总公路运输能源的16％，而英国总能源需求的约2.5％。这个消耗量小于英国飞机的消耗量和轿车和轻型商用车使用量的四分之一，不到我们国家中使用的能源五分之一。 单凭此基础上，公路运输行业几乎是一个主要排放的罪魁祸首 14.In the UK,transport and economic growth are seemingly irrevocably linked,with a rise or fall of activity of one affecting the other .Certainly,as the economy has grown over the last 30 years the car population has quadrupled from under 5 million in 1960 to just under 20 million in 1990. On the other hand the LGV population has remained effectivity constant at round half a million over the same period. 在英国，交通运输和经济增长似乎不可避免地联系在一起，一个方面的上升或下降将会影响另一个方面的变化。当然，随着经济的增长，在过去30年汽车的数量已从1960年的500万增至1990年的2000万，将近翻了两番。在另一方面轻型货车数量比同期恒定保持在大约五十万的增长 15． The Bicycle Masterplan, drawn up by the central government of the Netherlands is aimed at a switchover from car to bicycle .this plan has a firm basis :research shows that almost half (47%) of urban car trips ,according to the drivers themselves ,can easily be made by bicycle .for short journeys in rural areas ,this percentage is not much lower .of course cycle use has disadvantages ,and there are precisely the arguments used to justify the other half of urban car trips . 由荷兰中央政府制定自行车总体规划目的是从汽车转换到自行车。这个计划有一个坚实的基础：调查表明，根据驾驶人员自己所了解，几乎一半的城市汽车旅行（ 47 ％ ） ，可以很容易地骑自行车进行。对于在农村地区的短途旅行，这一比例并不低得多。当然，自行车使用有缺点，并有精确的证据来证明另一半城市汽车的旅行。 16. The Netherlands the bicycle is accepter everywhere and by everyone as a fully fledged mode of transport .anyone can use a bicycle to reach their destination without losing face .this is more important than the fact that the Netherlands is such a flat country .most of the built-up areas in Europe are reasonably flat . 在荷兰自行车在每个地方，而且作为一种完全成熟的交通模式被每个人接受。任何人都可以使用的自行车到达目的地，而不会失去面子。这比荷兰是一个平坦的国家这个事实更重要。在欧洲大部分集结地区是相当平坦的。 17. Experience in the Netherlands (Delft and the Province of Drenthe) and also abroad (Detmold and Rosenheim,Germany) proves that permanent, structured attention paid to the cyclist in traffic planning will in due course bear fruit .the development of a bicycle culture ’ within a government organization is sometimes more important than the financial means. 在荷兰（代尔夫特和德伦特省）并在国外的经验（德特莫尔德和罗森海姆，德国）证明，结构化的重视自行车交通规划将在适当的时候见效是永久性的。政府组织的自行车文化的发展有时比资金更重要 18. A combination of walking, cycling and public transport ,however , can create a transportation system that is competitive with a system based on private cars ,and it is less harmful for the human and natural environment .each subsystem makes up for what the other one lacks .the bicycle provides transport to the door and public transport bridges the long distance in a reasonable time period. 结合步行，自行车和公共交通，但是，可以创建一个运输系统，是基于对私家车的系统竞争力，它是为人类和自然的环境危害较小。每个子系统弥补了另外一个缺少什么。自行车在一个长距离合理的时间提供运输到门和公共交通的桥梁。 19. Environmental issues have in recent years come very much to the fore to affect a far wider range of traffic-related problems. These include the differing conditions experienced by pedestrians, cyclists, public transport users and motorists, the growing shortage of energy and the potential impact of poor accessibility on commercial and industrial decline, all of which are seen today as fundamental concerns of urban transport policy. 环境问题最近几年在影响更广泛的与交通有关的问题中表现突出。这些包括由行人，骑自行车，公共交通使用者和驾驶者经历的不同情况，日益短缺的能源和交通不便的商业和工业衰退的潜在影响，所有这些都是今天看作是城市交通政策的基本关切。 20. The principal features of Light Rail can be listed as follows: separation from other road traffic, expansion in stages as finance or requirement permit, lower investment costs than metro or suburban railways, greater efficiency than other pubic options and , as has already been indicated, an image and flexibility unmatched by these other options. 轻轨的主要特点可以列出如下：从其他道路交通分离。扩张阶段为融资或要求许可证，比地铁或市郊铁路投资成本低，比其他公共交通有更高的效率，正如已经指出的，通过这些其他的选择图像便有了无与伦比的灵活性。 21. Environmentally, modern Light Rail systems are able to offer a wide range of benefits, both locally and globally. Modern tramways, powered by electricity emit no exhaust fumes into the local atmosphere. This is in marked contrast to car, lorries and buses, which produce various air pollutants, but new technology is able to clean up electricity generation substantially, and this source of pollution is far easier to regulate than emissions from road vehicles. 有关环境方面的，现代化的轻轨系统能够提供广泛的好处，包括本地及全球。现代有轨电车，由电力驱动的不排放废气到当地的环境。这与产生各种空气污染物的汽车，卡车，公共汽车等形成鲜明的对比，，但新技术是能够从本质上清理一代发电量，并且污染这个来源是比道路车辆的排放量来调节容易得多。 22. Although walking and cycling are clearly the most‘ environmentally friendly ’ ways of getting about, they are not always the most practical solution for longer or bad-weather journeys, for the elder or the disabled, for mother with young children or those loaded down with heavy shopping. In these instances Light Rail has obvious advantages. 虽然步行和骑自行车显然是闲逛的最“环保”的方式，对于老年人或残疾人，母亲与幼儿或那些拿着重物购物来说，他们并不总是较长或坏的天气旅途中最实用的解决方案。在这些情况下轻轨具有明显的优势。 23. Since injury accidents are the only ones which are nationally recorded and analyzed, there statistics underestimate the true numbers of accidents, because accidents which do not result in injury are not included (although a small proportion of these accidents are reported to the police). Intuitively it might be thought that all damage-only accidents were so trivial and occurred at such a low speed that they were not worth considering. That this is not so is perhaps best illustrated by an example. 由于伤害事故时唯一被全国记录并分析，这些统计低估了真正的事故数，因为那些没有造成伤害的事故并没有被包含（尽管一小部分事故被告知了警察）。直观上所有发生在低速情况下仅仅造成损害的事故是如此不重要并不值得被考虑。也许举一个例子说明事实并非如此。 24. Thus head-on collisions between cars are more likely to be recorded than accident in which only one car is involved. Moreover, of the accident is of a kind in which the risk of injury is low, such as read-end collisions betweens cars. The proportion of such accidents which appears in the national statistic is lower than for high risk accidents such as head-on collisions ,or collisions with heavy commercial vehicles ,and all types of accidents in build-up areas where speeds are low are likely to have a lower proportion of in injury accidents than those in rural areas ,where speeds are higher . 相比那些仅涉及一辆车的事故，这些正面碰撞的车辆事故更容易被记录。此外，如果事故是低伤害风险的，比如追尾，这类事故相对于那些高危险的事故比如正面碰撞，出现在国家统计资料上的可能性是很低的。各种发生在建筑多的低速度地区的事故可能有低的伤害比例比那些发生在高速度的乡村地区的事故。 25. Fig.15.1 shows the first formula in graphical form, and we may regard points below the line as indication better results in road safety than those above the line .However ,the most important point to remember is that it may be misleading to quote just one of the two rates given in columns 5 and 6 of table15.1 as proof of the superiority of road safety measures in one country compared with those of another. 图1展示了第一个公式15在图形化的形式,我们可以把点线以下指示更好的结果在道路安全比上面的线。然而,最重要的一点要记住的是,这可能会误导引用的一个列中给出两个利率5和6的table15.1作为优势的证明在一个国家的道路安全措施与另一个。 26. Age certainly influences accident risk. Judged by the casualties per head of population, young people are more likely to be involved in accidents, whether as pedestrians, drives or cyclists, than middle-aged people. At least some part of the increased accident risk in young road users is due to lack of experienced. the accident rate for newly qualified car drivers in their first year of driving has been found to be higher than for experienced drivers, particularly at night; young drivers did best in driving tests but also had the highest accident rates. Over 70 percent of motorcyclists injured in one sample of accidents were found to be learners. 年龄当然影响事故的风险性。由人均事故率中可判断，相对于中年人，年轻人--无论是作为行人 驾驶员还是骑行者--更容易陷入交通事故中。至少一部分的年轻人涉及的不断增加的事故风险是由经验不足所致。新获得驾证的驾驶员在第一年的驾驶中比有经验的司机有更大的事故率，夜间尤甚。年轻人的确在驾照考试中做的最好，可是在事故率中也排名靠前。在一次抽样事故调查中发现70%的机动车伤害都是初学者引起 27. The reaction times of road user to potential accident situation are often quoted .In this lesson ,reaction time will be taken the total time from the instant when the situation sevelops and its image falls on the reaction of the eye to the time when action is taken by the road user. It is therefore made up of the percrption time (the time taken to recognise a sitation ),the decision time (the time to decide on action),and the time taken to put that action into practice . 驾驶员对潜在事故状况的反应时间经常被引用。在这一节中，反应时间将被认定为从情况发生且投入到视网膜上的那一刻到驾驶员做出反应的整个时间。因此它是由感受时间（意识到状况的时间）决定时间（决定行动的时间）和把行动付诸实际的时间。 28. After drinking, the blood alcohol level rises gradually to a maximum, while at the same time it is being eliminated, As a rough guide , an 11 stone man drinking one pint of beer (referred to as 2 units) quickly on an empty stomach will raise the alcohol content of his blood to a peak of 30mg\\100ml after about an hour ; it will then reduce at the rate of about 1 unit (half a pint of beer) per hour , it must be emphasized that this is only a rough indication of what is likely to happen, Rates of absorption vary so much with type of drink , how long it takes to drink, whether food has been eaten, body weight and fatty tissue that the level at any time is uncertain. 饮酒后血液中酒精含量逐渐增大到一个最大值，然后逐渐消除。大体来说，一个11英石的男人空腹喝一品脱（约两个单位）酒会在一小时后血中酒精浓度上升到30mg/ml的高峰；并在随后以每小时一个单位（半品脱）的速度减少。必须强调的是这只是很可能发生的大致迹象。吸收速率是那样强烈的随着酒的种类，饮酒过程长短，是否吃过食物，体重和脂肪组织而变化，以至于在任何时候（血液中酒精）含量都是不确定的。 29. Similar effects of age were observed n 1980. The same investigation indicated that although the numbers of drivers killed and injured in 1973 had rerurned to the pre-legislation level the total number of casualties in great Britain both killed and injured still showed a slight reduction of perhaps 2 or 3 percent. 1980年同样发现了年龄的类似影响。该调查同时声明虽然1973年受伤或死亡的人数回到法规颁布前的水平，但英国已统计的伤亡人数仍有2%到3%的轻微下降。 30. The risk of a pedestrian being killed in a road accident also increases with blood alcohol concentration .in adult pedestrians of both sexes the risk of fatality has been found to increase rapidly above a blood alcohol; concentration of 120mg/100mg.in a sample of 344 adults,27 percent of males and 7 percent of the female fatalities were found to exceed this level .as would be expected ,most of the alcohol related accidents occurred in the late evening .in the hours 23:00-02:59,51 percent of the victims had blood alcohol levels of 150mg/100mlor more 行人在事故中死亡的危险性也随血液酒精浓度而升高。成年人无论性别，在血液酒精浓度超过120mg/ml以上时受到致命伤害危险迅速增加。在344成人的抽样中，27%的男性和7%的女性伤员都超过了上述标准。就像人们认为的那样，大部分与酒精有关的事故都发生在午夜。在晚上23：00--02:59,51%的受害者血液酒精浓度都达到150mg/ml或者更多