(A3)新标准讲义 Unit 7, Book 3

讲义 Unit 7 The secret life of science

Active reading (1) Can bad luck be explained?

Para. 1

1. toast: n. ①吐司，烤面包片，切片面包；②祝酒‖v. ①祝酒；②烤 2. bank holiday: 银行假日，法定假日(即连银行也休息的日子) 3. rational: a. ①sensible 理性的；②reasonable 合理的 4. convince: v. (of)使信服，说服

5. at times: sometimes, on occasion(s), at intervals 有时，偶尔 Para. 2

6. Part of the explanation for bad luck is mathematical, but part is psychological.

Meaning: Bad luck is not only a matter of the odds for or against something happening, but of our memories and attitudes. Para. 3

7. stand the scrutiny of any scientific study: survive any scientific examination 8. in the first place: 首先 in the second place: 其次 9. rational: a. ①reasonable 合理的；②sensible 理性的 Para. 5

10. marginally bad: 稍稍有些不好 extremely bad: 糟糕透顶

11. sack: v. ①fire, dismiss 解雇，辞退；②装入袋中‖n. ①袋子；②解雇

give sb. the sack: fire sb.: 解雇某人(联系影视剧中辞退的人都拿个盒子，把自己的东西装进去，那个“盒子”就相当于sack“袋子”) 12. on a spectrum: 在一定范围内 Para. 6

13. in no hurry: 不忙，有充分的时间 in a hurry: 匆忙地 Para. 7

14. when it comes to sb./sth.: as far as sb./sth. is concerned当提到?，对?而言 15. duration: n. 持续期间

同族：endure v. 忍耐，耐久 durable a. 持久的，耐用的 during prep. 在?期间 16. on holiday: 在度假 on business: 因公出差 on leave: 休假，请假 17. alive and kicking: ①还存在的；不被忘却的；②尚健在的；活蹦乱跳的 18. clean up: 打扫干净，整理 19. act as: serve as 担当，充任 Para. 8

20. the mind is on a low: 情绪低落

21. It wouldn’t matter that…: it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。 22. recover from: ①恢复；②恢复知觉 23. look out for: 期待，留心

24. as long as is necessay: 尽可能的长(此处as long as并不是连接词“只要”) Para. 9

25. as with coincidences: 正如/就像遇到巧合的时候一样

26. those who don’t: those who don’t confirm；省略了实义动词confirm“证实” 27. tempting fate: 在此处指“冒风险” Para. 10

28. (be) independent of: 独立于 (be) dependent on: 依赖于

29. be bound to do sth.: 注定做某事 be doomed to do sth.:注定要遭受某(坏)事 30. responsive: a. 反应快的；灵敏的；敏感的(2001.06四级第5小题关键词)

同族：respond v. 回答；响应 response n. 反应，回答 31. product: n. ①(乘)积；②产品 同族：produce v. 生产 Para. 11

32. So much for …: 关于?就说到这里 33. crop up: (突然)发生，显现

Para. 12

34. be off to do: 出发去做? 35. look up: 查找 36. route: n. 路线 en route: on the way 在路上 Para. 13

37. situate: vt. 位于 be situated in: lie in, be located in 位于 Para. 14

38. up to: ①as many as多达，多至；②till 一直到

39. regard as: see as, look on … as, think of… as, view as 把?看作 40. in other words: that is to say 换句话说 41. every other: 每隔，每两次 every other day: 每隔一天，每两天 Para. 15

42. as in most bad luck stories: 此处as意为“正如” 43. in this case: 在这种情况下 44. before long: 不久以后 long before: 很早以前

45. adjacent: next 毗连的；邻近的 adjacent to: next to 邻近?的

46. duplicate: 一式两份，复制 triplicate:一式三份 quintuplicate:一式五份 Para. 16

47. a selective memory: remembering only some facts or only what we want to. We select some memories and reject others.

48. think of…as: regard as, see as, view as, look on… as 把?看作 49. no more … than: 和?一样不(否定两者) Para. 17

50. come up: 出现

51. stick in the mind: 留在心中 52. while: 而

Key to Exercises in Active reading (1) Reading and understanding

2 Choose the best way to complete the sentences. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. a Dealing with unfamiliar words

3 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1. misfortune 2. neutral 3. mathematical 4. vulnerable 5. subsequent 6. frequency

4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 3. 1. misfortunes 2. neutral 3. frequency 4. mathematical 5. vulnerable 6. subsequent

5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. 1. route 2. overlapped with 3. adjacent 4. were sacked 5. cluster 6. duration

6 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. b 7. b 8. b 9. a 7 Match the examples with the types of event. 1. b 2. e 3. d 4. c 5. a

Active reading (2) The diva within 人人都是歌唱家

Introduction

1. literally: ad. virtually, actually, in fact, in effect, in truth 实际上 2. the way: prep. how ?的方式 Para. 1

3. turn off: ①使厌烦；使失去兴趣；②关掉，关闭 4. …if only I took a few lessons I would find my voice.

Meaning: …if I would have some music lessons, I would soon learn to sing nicely.

if only: 其后引导从句要求用虚拟语气，使用过去式，同if引导的条件句。 find one’s voice: 放声歌唱

5. So humiliated was I by…: 倒装，强调humiliated“丢人的，丢脸的”。

so… that…: 如此?，以至于? 6. at the first opportunity: 一有机会

7. participate in: take part in, engage in, sign up for 参与；从事 Para. 2

8. an opportunity not to be missed:不定式not to be missed作opportunity后置定语 9. as well as: 除了?还，也

10. entitle: v. ①给?命名；②给?权利；给?资格

entitle sb. to do sth. 给某人做某事的权利 entitle sb. to sth. 给某人享有某事物资格 11. engage with: 与?打交道 Para. 3

12. collaborate on: 就?合作

13. while: prep. during the time when 当?的时候，在?期间 14. sustain: v. 维持；保持 sustainable development: 可持续发展 15. in rhythm: 合拍，跟上音乐的节奏

16. remind sb. about sth.: remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事物 Para. 4

17. a couple of: several 几个，几次，两三个，两三次；一对 18. get sb. used to doing sth.: 使某人习惯于做某事 19. lack of ability: 缺乏能力；此处lack为名词。

20. be used to doing sth.: be accustomed to doing sth. 习惯于做某事 21. in tune: ①和调；②和谐，和睦 反义：out of tune: ①跑调；②不和谐 22. project on a screen: 投射到屏幕上 归类：projector: n. 投影仪 23. process the images: 加工/处理图像

24. …subtracting the average of those taken during singing from those at rest

subtract: v. 减掉；去掉(参见Unit 5, Reading 2的contract的词根讲解)

subtract …from…: 从?中减去?

词根： subtract = sub (down) + tract (draw)→将数字拉下→减去 同根： attract = at (to) + tract (draw)→将注意力拉过去→吸引

distract = dis (away) + tract (draw)→将注意力拉走→使分心 contract = con (together ) + tract (draw)→拉到一起→合同；收缩 tractor = tract (draw) + or (工具)→拖拉机

take: 拍照

at rest: 在休息时

25. give snapshots of something: give a series of images of something 将所有涉及的大脑活动拍下来 Para. 5

26. Then began a year of lessons.: then提前，主语是名词短语，要求完全倒装 27. once: prep. 一旦

28. work on: be busy with 忙于? 29. whereas: conj. while 而

30. lacking in confidence: 缺乏自信；此处lack为动词，lack in: 在?方面缺乏?

confidence: n. 自信；信心；信赖 同族：confident: a. (of)有信心的

have confidence in: have trust/faith in 对?有信心，信赖?

31. a means for achieving well-being: 获得幸福感的一种方式 32. social bonding: 社会交往 33. become cross: 变得脾气暴躁

34. as my children didn’t appreciate …: 此处as是连词，意为“因为，由于” 35. venture: n.①(新的)冒险事业；②风险企业‖vi.(into/beyond/out of)冒险前进

joint venture: 合资企业 adventure: n. 冒险；冒险活动；冒险精神 词根： venture = vent (go) + ure (名词后缀)→去一个陌生的地方→冒险 联想： 为什么go的过去式是went？因为词根vent/went表示“go”！！！ 同根： adventure = ad (to) + vent (go) + ure (名词后缀)→到一个陌生的地

方去→冒险；冒险活动

invent = in (内) + vent (go)→一个idea走入心里→发明

prevent = pre (before) + vent (go)→事先走到前面→阻止；预防

36. On a few occasions when singing with my wife we both experienced fleeting feelings of emotional intimacy as our voices blended into one.

Meaning: all of a sudden we both had moments when we felt closer to one another as we sang the same notes at the same time. on a few occasions: 有几次

on occasion(s): 时常，偶尔 = at times, at intervals, from time to time fleeting feelings of emotional intimacy: 刹那间感情的交融

blend: v. ①(into) 似乎逐渐变成?；②使混合；③使融合，使协调

blend in with: 与?十分协调；融入?

Para. 6

37. lying still: 一动不动地躺着；动名词短语作主语

38. It was now over to Larry to…: 剩下的就交给Larry了?；it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式to compare …。

39. … not only had there been …, but that…: not only…but (also)结构，not only提前，其引导的句子部分倒装，助动词had提前，but (also)引导的句子不倒装。 40. fit with: 与?相符，与?一致 Para. 7

41. simultaneously and unconsciously manage sth.: 举重若轻地处理 42. be mystified as to: be confused about, be puzzled over/about 对···感到疑惑

as to: as for, about 关于

Key to Exercises in Active reading (2)

Reading and understanding

2 Number the events in the order they occurred. 2 3 9 5 1 8 4 7 6 3 Choose the best answer to the questions. 1. d 2. c 3. d 4. b Dealing with unfamiliar words

4 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1. persevere 2. literally 3. venture 4. confidence 5. sustain 6. frustrated

5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4. (1) frustrating (2) venture (3) persevere (4) confidence (5) sustain (6) literally

6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. 1. blend 2. entitled 3. evidently 4. subtract 5. scanner 6. blessing 7. functional

7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 a 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. a 6. a 7. b 8. a 9. a Reading and interpreting

8 Choose the best way to complete the sentences. 1. b 2. d

9 Decide if the writer’s experiences are motivating (M) or frustrating (F). 1. (M) It inspires him to do all sorts of interesting research. 2. (F) He felt humiliated.

3. (M) He offered new ways he could pursue his research.

4. (M) He found it beautiful and wanted to learn more about the human relationship with music.

5. (F) He says he got frustrated in Paragraph 5. 6. (F) His singing wasn’t good for his family life.

7. (F) In Paragraph 6, it says “Lying still was even more frustrating than the last time because I had learned that moving my body was as important to singing as was flexing my vocal cords.”

8. (M) The writer was elated that his work for the experiment was done. 9. (M) The results of the research confirmed his ideas.

I think he was pleased. A negative result would have been rather depressing, but now he had some new information he could work on. Also he had learned something about singing. Note that the frustrating experiences tend to come earlier than some of the motivating ones. Finally he was elated it was all over!

Language in use

word formation: -ity and -ility

2 Rewrite the sentences changing the underlined adjectives into nouns. 1. There is a possibility that the insurance won’t pay you for this accident. 2. It’s not my responsibility what happens to you. 3. I’m not sure of this programme’s suitability for you. 4. The calculation’s complexity slowed me down.

5. Natural curiosity is a characteristic of many great thinkers. 6. I was surprised at the stupidity of her behaviour. when it comes to …

3 Rewrite the sentences using when it comes to … 1. When it comes to evaluating students’ work, …

2. When it comes to the examples of bad luck you spoke about, … 3. When it comes to human psychology, …

4. When it comes to learning an instrument like the piano or violin, … 5. When it comes to non-scientific studies of good and bad luck, …

if only 引导从句要求虚拟语气，动词变法与if引导的条件句相同。 4 Rewrite the sentences using if only.

1. If only you were quiet for a few minutes, I would be able to work out this mathematical problem.

2. If only you understood the difference between good and bad advice, you would be able to find your way in life.

3. If only I stopped worrying about what happened this morning, I would be able to sleep well tonight.

4. If only people were more careful and followed the safety instructions, the number of accidents at work would decrease.

5. If only you practised six hours every day, you would become a great singer. collocations

5 Read the explanations of the words. Answer the questions. 1 route

(a) Yes, you go along North Road and turn left at the park corner. (b) When there are road works or traffic jams.

(c) The road was called the Silk Road linking China with the Roman Empire.

2 confidence

(a) I tend to see the negative aspects of things, so I’m the kind of person who loses confidence when keeping failing.

(b) Probably they sold some stuffs of a low quality which then ruined their reputation.

(c) Maybe I have to get a business degree or gain relating work experiences. 3 blend

(a) I have mixed them together. (b) A cake.

(c) A mixture of learning methods, usually classroom sessions and computer-based learning. 4 sustain

(a) For example, to expand domestic demand, or manage to maintain its competitive edge in new technology development and international trade etc. (b) Mars.

(c) I reminded myself how useful English could be. 6 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese. 1 (The false part of the perception 直译为“认知中错误的部分”不妥，应译成“错觉”。第三句是一个复杂的长句，应按原文的顺序拆分成若干短句。整个段落的译文要注意对比与因果的关系。)

司机不赶时间的时候碰到的红灯其实和赶时间的时候一样多；只是如果时间不紧急，红灯带来的不便要小得多。认为红灯出现的次数比绿灯多其实是一种错觉。产生这种错觉的原因很简单，因为司机有更多的时间去想红灯，而绿灯的时候，车子几秒钟之内就疾驰而过了——这其实和在畅通的公路上开车没有任何区别——而红灯却迫使司机改变行为，一小会儿的时间里要强迫自己努力一下，承受点压力，还要失去一两分钟的自由。所以红灯会深深地印在司机的脑海里，而绿灯转瞬间就被抛到脑后了。

2 (被动说法 I had been turned off from music 译成主动态更好一些。倒数第二句原文是倒装句，译文不必按原文的顺序译，但需把长句拆分成短句。)

人人都能学会唱歌吗？在撰写我最新出版的《唱着歌的尼安德特人》一书时，这个问题就一直萦绕在我的心头。我做的研究让我相信音乐才能是深深植根于人类基因中的，从进化史的角度来说，它比人类的口头语言都要古老得多。可是我本人一唱起歌来不是跑调，就是跟不上节奏。朋友们和学术同僚们都说，那都是因为我小时候对音乐失去了兴趣，只要上几节音乐课，我一定能放声歌唱。也许他们是对的。记得小时候，音乐老师们让我在全班同学面前独“唱”，让我觉得很丢脸。所以后来一有机会，我就躲开音乐，35 年来从来没有参加过任何音乐活动。说不定学一学我也能唱得不错。 7 Translate the paragraphs into English.

1. (consecutive; independent of; responsive; when it comes to; if only)

The media doubt the claim that the two consecutive tragedies were independent of each other, and are dissatisfied with the fact that the President was not responsive immediately. When it comes to his competence in running the government, the media have long lost their trust, if only he could do well in his subsequent term.

2. (turn off from; humiliate; haunt; identify)

Keep remembering that do not humiliate your child because they don’t gain good grades, as their memory of the humiliation will haunt them for a long time, turn them off from learning at an early age and prevent them from gaining positive attitudes towards life. The development of children can be sustained only when parents identify the strengths in their children and encourage them from time to time.