(江苏专用)2020版高考英语复习 限时组合练 限时训练(九)

Alteringyourmicrobiome，however，maynotbeeasy，

andnobodyknowshowlongitmighttake.That’sbecausetheecosystemalreadyestablishedinyourgutdetermineshowitabsorbsandprocessesnutrients.Soifthemicrobialcommunityinyourguthasbeenshapedbyadailydietofcheeseburgersandpepperonipizza，forexample，itwon’trespondasquicklytoahealthydietasagutshapedbyvegetablesandfruitsthathasmorevariedmicrobiotatobeginwith.

“Thenutritionalvalueoffoodisinfluencedinpartbythemicrobialcommunitythatencountersthatfood

，

”saidDrJeffreyGordon

，

theseniorauthorofthenewpaperanddirectoroftheCenterforGenomeScienceandSystemsBiologyattheWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicineinSt.Louis.“Nutritionalcomponentsofahealthydiethavetobeviewedfromtheinsideout，”hesaid，“notjusttheoutsidein.”

Oneofthequestionsthestudysetouttoanswerwashowindividualswithdifferentdietsrespondwhentheytrytoimprovetheireatinghabits.Thescientistsharvestedgutbacteriafromhumans

，

transplantedthemintomicebredundersterileconditions

，

andthenfedthemiceeitherAmerican-styleorplant-baseddiets.Thescientiststhenanalyzedchangesinthemice’smicrobialcommunities.

Ofinterest

，

thescientistsharvestedthegutbacteriafrompeoplewhofollowedsharplydifferentdiets.OnegroupateafairlytypicalAmericandiet

，

consumingabout3,000caloriesaday

，

highinanimalproteinswithfewfruitsandvegetables.Someoftheirfavoritefoodswereprocessedcheese，pepperoniandlunchmeats.

Theothergroupconsistedofpeoplewhoweredevoteesofcalorierestriction.Theyatelessthan1,800caloriesadayandhadmeticulouslytrackedwhattheyateforatleasttwoyears，stickingtoamostlyplant-baseddietandconsumingfarlessanimalproteinthantheothergroup，athirdfewercarbohydratesandonlyhalfthefat.

Thiscalorie-restrictedgroup

，

theresearchersfound

，

hadafarricherandmorediversemicrobialcommunityinthegutthanthoseeatingatypicalAmericandiet.Theyalsocarriedseveralstrainsof“good”bacteria，knowntopromotehealth，thatareuniquetotheirplant-baseddiet.“Theirchoicesasadultsdramaticallyinfluencedtheirgutcommunity

，

”saidNicholasW.GriffinofWashingtonUniversity

，

thepaper’sleadauthor.

Thestudy

，

publishedinCellHost&Microbe

，

isnotthefirsttoreportfindingssuggestingdietaryshiftscaninducepersistentchangesinagutmicrobialcommunity

，saidDrDavidA.Relman

5

，aprofessorofmedicine，

microbiologyandimmunologyatStanfordUniversity，

whowasnotinvolvedinthecurrentresearch.Henotedthatotherstudieshadfoundevenmoreprofoundeffects.

Afterthehumanmicrobiotawastransplantedintothemice

themicegottoeateitherliketypicalAmericansorlikethecalorierestrictors.

MicethathadamicrobiotaconditionedbythetypicalAmericandiethadaweakerresponsetotheplant-baseddiet.Theirmicrobialcommunitiesdidn’tincreaseanddiversifyasmuch.“Theyallrespondedinapredictabledirectionbutwithnotasgreatamagnitude，”saidDrGriffin.

Anotheraspectofthestudysuggeststhecompanyyoukeepmayalsoenrichyourgutmicrobiota—atleastinmice.Atfirsttheanimalswerekeptinseparatecages.Thenwhentheywerehousedtogether

，，，，

themicrobesfromthecommunitiesconditionedbyplantdietsmadetheirwayintotheAmerican-dietmicrobiome.

It’snotclearhowthattranslatestohumansMiceeatoneanother’sdroppingswhentheylivetogethersotheyeasilysharethebacterialwealth.Stillit’spossiblehumanshaveotherwaysofsharingbacteria

：，，，

DrGriffinsaid.“Weknowfrompreviousworkandotherstudiesthatspouseswholivetogetherwilldevelopmicrobialcommunitiesthataresimilartoeachother，”hesaid.

语篇解读 本文主要讲解了大肠杆菌和大肠细菌之间的问题以及如何营造比较好的大肠环境。 6.WhatcanweknowfromJeffreyGordon’sresearch? A.Theythoughtthatotherstudieshadlessprofoundeffects.

B.Thosewholiveacalorierestrictedlifehaveavarietyofmicrobialcommunityinthegut. C.People who were devotees of calorie restriction are crazy for processed cheese，pepperoni and so on.

D.TypicalAmericandietconsumeslessanimalproteinandathirdfewercarbohydrates. 答案 B 解

析

细

节

理

解

题

。

根

据

第

十

段

最

后

一

句

“Henotedthatotherstudieshadfoundevenmoreprofoundeffects.”可知A项是错误的。根据第九段第一句“Thiscalorie-restrictedgroup，theresearchersfound，hadafarricherandmorediversemicrobialcommunityinthegut”可知，限制饮食的人们会有更加多样灵活的肠道环境。选项C是偷换概念，不是热衷于控制热量摄入的人，应该是美式饮食者们需要这样的食物。根据第七段第二句和第八段最后一个分句可知，选项D是错误的。

6

由此可知答案是B项。

7.What’sthemeaningoftheunderlinedword“encounter”inthefifthparagraph? A.Decrease. C.Meet. 答案 C 解

析

词

义

猜

测

题

。

由

画

线

词

所

在

句

中

的

B.Increase. D.Effect.

“Thenutritionalvalueoffoodisinfluencedinpartbythemicrobialcommunitythatencountersthatfood”和上下文可知，是食物遇到微生物群落，此处是“相遇，相汇”的意思，所以答案选“meet”。

8.WhichofthefollowingisFALSEaccordingtothepassage?

A.Adiminishedmicrobialecosystemjustextendtheintestinaltract. B.Itisimportanttogainahealthiermicrobiome.

C.Ahealthydietmustbeweighedfromtheinsidetotheoutside. D.Peoplewhoaccompanyyoumayenrichyourgutmicrobiota. 答案 A 解

析

细

节

理

解

题

。

根

据

第

二

段

最

后

一

句

“Adiminishedmicrobialecosystem...likedepressionandanxiety.”可知，不仅仅是对肠道产生影响，还会影响其他方方面面，故A项说法错误。根据文章第一段可知获得更健康的微生物群很重要，故

B

项说法正确。根据第五段最后一句

“‘Nutritionalcomponentsofahealthydiethavetobeviewedfromtheinsideout，’hesaid，‘notjusttheoutsidein.’”推出C项说法正确。选项D说的是陪伴我们的人们也有可能会影响到我们的肠道菌群，根据倒数第二段内容可知其说法正确。 9.What’sthebesttitleofthepassage? A.AVarietyofMicrobialCommunity B.HowtoAvoidGutTrouble C.TheWayofGutWorking D.AGutMakeoverfortheNewYear 答案 D

解析 标题归纳题。本篇文章一直在讲解有一个健康的肠道是多么重要，所以“AGutMakeoverfortheNewYear”是最合适的。 Ⅱ.任务型阅读

话题：互联网技术 TheImpactofTechnologyonPolitics

7

难度：★★★

Thecontinuedgrowthoftechnologyhashadasignificantimpactonthepoliticallevelsthatcandidatesachieve.

Politicalcandidatesusetechnologyinmanyways.DifferentcommunicationchannelsprovidedbytheInternethavethepowertoinfluencethegrowthofdifferentindividuals.ThelikesofTwitter

，

Facebook

，

andYouTubearepowerfulcommunicationmediaplatformsthatcaneasilyraisethelevelsofpoliticalcandidates.Believeitornot

technologyisadecisivefactorinmostpoliticalraces.Throughtechnology

，，

politiciansareabletogetfunds，gainpoliticalauthoritiesandspendlessoncampaigning.

Oneofthewaysinwhichtechnologyinfluencespoliticsisthefinancialside.Raisingfundstouseforcampaigningisanimportantfactorforallpoliticalcandidates.Itcomeswiththeneedtocreateadirectresponsetothewholecountryortargetregion.Thisisamajorbarrierexperiencedbypoliticalcandidates.TheInternetaidedthemtogetdonationsthattheyrequiredtogainaccesstoalargepartofthecampaignregion.Bybroadcastingthroughtechnologicalmarketing

，

candidatesgetsuitabledonors(

捐公

众赠

宣

者传

) )

tosupportdifferentaspectsoftheircampaign.Publicity(

ontheInternetisacheapmethodastheydonothavetore-publishunlikewhatisprovidedbytheprintmedia.

Theimpactoftechnologyisgreatonagivengeneration.Theyoung

，

educatedandrichwillrelatetotechnologicalcreativity.Aproperpresentationwillgainlevelsforcandidates.Usingthemostrecenttechnologywillsurelyattracttheyouth.Theoldergenerationmaynotimpacttheraisingofpresidentialbids

，

especiallyiftheyaredonethroughsocialmedia.TheoldergenerationbarelyusestheInternet.Theyoungergenerationrelateseasilytothesemediaplatforms.Thisdifferenceisusedbypoliticianstogainadvantageintheirpoliticalbids.Politiciansusetechnologytoraisetheirbidsamongtheyouth，whiletraditionalmethodsareusedfortheoldergeneration.

AnotherwaytolookatthematterisinrelationtothinkingabouttheInternetasatoolforfreeadvertisement.Itisnosecretthatpresidentialbidsarethemostexpensiveastheyareruntocoverthewholeregion.Ontheotherhandpoliticalvideoseasilyproduceonlinelevelbenefits

，，，

andsuchpoliticalInternetadvertisementwillalwaysreachthetargetaudienceiflaunchedproperly.Individualsperformtheneededpublicityaseachpersonsharesthevideo.Withthehugeimpactthattechnologyhasonsocietyandpublicopinioninparticularitisimportanttobecautiousintheuseofinformationaboutanypoliticalfigure

8

，，