专业英语-隐私法

A . At present , China is lack of special legislation on privacy protection, which constraints our establishment of civil law to grow perfect. The law should provide for the definition of privacy , the range of privacy information , and how citizens should protect their privacy. Among others , the primary issue is to define what privacy is , such as the definition of privacy in aspects of personal marital status , family status , consumption situation , consumption preference, and the rate paying status ,paying situation of social insurance , work experiences and income information according to public records ; the time limit of not publicity and dissemination of individual bad records such as criminal , civil and administrative penalties . We should acknowledge the principle that the publicity , collection and use of personal privacy information should be provided by data subjects must be upheld , and data subjects should explain the range and purpose of the information to prevent from unauthorized abuse .

二、加强个人隐私保护立法研究的紧迫性

公民的权利意识增强，加快个人隐私保护立法的呼声越来越高。最近几年，全国人大代表和全国政协委员多次提出相关的提案和建议，涉及代表和委员几百名，代表了人民群众的呼声，说明公民的权利意识在增强，对保护个人隐私的要求越来越高。在互联网时代，随着市场经济的发展，个人隐私信息的价值越来越大，越来越多的商业机构，采取各种方式获取他人信息，并无所顾忌的使用这些信息，给他人的

生活安宁造成极大的影响。即便是发达国家，虽然隐私权的保护问题已经谈了一百多年，并且早已进行了隐私权的立法工作。但是，随着信息技术的飞速发展，在商业利益的驱动下，过度搜集个人信息，对个人数据进行二次开发利用以及个人数据交易等严重侵犯个人隐私的现象也时有发生，诉诸法律诉讼的案件和官司缠身的网络公司不胜枚举。这些案件屡见不鲜，正在成为人们关注的焦点。因此，单单依靠立法是不能解决所有问题的，所以在隐私权立法的同时要考虑：1与业界（包括政府与组织）自律相结合；2 与个人的自我保护相结合；3 立法与技术相结合。

三、制定隐私保护方面的法律法规

目前，我国缺乏隐私保护方面的专门立法，这个现状很大程度上制约着我国民法体系的建设。法律应当对什么是隐私，涉及隐私是信息范围是什么，公民应当如何保护自己的隐私权等做出规定。其中，首要的问题是要对什么是隐私做出界定，如个人婚姻状况、家庭状况、消费状况、消费习惯、社会公共记录所反映的纳税情况、社会保险金缴纳情况、工作经历及收入状况等信息是否是隐私做出界定，对个人的刑事、民事及行政处罚等不良记录，经过多久时间可以不予公开和传播做出规定。我们应该确立对于个人隐私信息的公开、征集和使用要坚持由当事人自己提供为主的原则，当事人要说明隐私信息的使用范围和用途，防止信息被非法使用。

B . The Protection In lawmaking of privacy and transborder flows of personal data in European Union

The right for privacy does not need to be justified . It seems from the individual’s right for self-determination which again based on a perception of the individual as the last and only source of legitimization . The 1970s may be described as a period of intensified investigative and legislative activities concerning the protection of privacy with respect to collection and use of personal data .Numerous official reports show that the problem are taken seriously at the political level and at the same time the task of balancing opposing interests is delicate and unlikely to be accomplished once and for all. Since the 1980s at the latest ,the right for privacy in the European Union has the status of a fundamental human right . Recent years , Countries in the European Union are engulfed in a variety of privacy and data protection provision , like Federal Data Protection Law of Germany , or Data Protection Law of Britain（1998）. These countries have chosen to enact statutes which deal exclusively with computers and computer-supported activities. Other countries have preferred a more general approach to privacy protection issues irrespective of the particular data processing technology involved. So we can see , a feature of European Union member countries over the past decade has been the development of laws for the protection of privacy. These laws are have tended to assume different forms in different countries, and in many countries are still in the process of being developed. The OECD, which had been active in this field for some years

past, decided to address the problem of diverging national legislation and in 1978 instructed a group of Experts to develop guidelines on basic rules governing the transborder flow and the protection of personal data and privacy, in order to facilitate harmonization of national legislation. The group has now completed its work. The report explain and elaborate the guidelines and the basic problems of protection of privacy and individual liberties.

B. 欧盟关于隐私保护与个人数据跨界流动的立法

隐私权的正当性无需证明。它来源于个人的自我决定的权利，而这一权利建立在个人是最后且唯一的合法性的来源的观念之上。20世纪70年代可以被描述为一个就保护与个人数据的搜集与使用相关的隐私进行强化的研究与立法活动的时期。大量的官方报告显示这些问题受到了官方层面的认真对待，同时，对对立之利益进行平衡的任务很棘手，不可能一劳永逸的完成。最迟自20世纪80年代开始，隐私权在欧盟具有了基本人权的地位。最近些年，大量的隐私与数据保护的法律规定席卷吞没了欧盟国家，像德国联邦数据保护法，或英国数据保护法（1998）。这些国家已经选择颁布法令专门处理计算机和计算机基础上的活动。另一些国家则倾向于采用一种更一般化的方式来解决隐私保护问题，而不考虑涉及的特殊的数据处理技术。所以我们可以看到，欧盟成员国的一个共同特点是，在过去的十年中，其隐私保护法律均得到了发展。这些法律在不同的国家呈现出不同的形式，在许多国家这些法律仍处于发展之中。在过去的一些年里，OECD（经