专业英语-隐私法

Paul Gewirtz:《Privacy and Speech》,in the Supreme Court Review (2001), p139 – 199 葛维宝：《隐私与言论》 最高法院评论

Andrew Beale :《 Essential Constitutional Law》(Second Edition) Wu Han University Press , p84 -85 安德鲁.比尔 《宪法论》

Jonathan Rosenoer :《Cyber Law —The Law of The Internet》 China University of Politics Science and Law Press 约纳森.罗萨诺 《网络法-关于因特网的法律》

S . Warren & L . Brandeis , The Right of Privacy , 4 Harvard . L . Reriew .193 (1890 ) 隐私权 哈佛大学评论

Dr. Thomas Hart ; Graham Sutton《Personal Data Protection》 Law Press 托马斯.哈特博士 ；格雷汉姆.萨顿 《个人数据保护》 法律出版社

Literature Review

Study on the Development of modern privacy

We often disclose ourselves to the world at large, or at least we act as if indifferent to the world's eyes. But at other times, most of us try to control the disclosure of certain matters about ourselves. Sometimes we share thoughts, feelings, information, personality, or bodily appearance with no one at all . More commonly , we share these things with a limited number of other people . Privacy in this sense – the ability to control and to avoid the disclosure of certain matters about oneself – is a widely recognized value, an important precondition for human flourishing.

Ⅰ、The Development and Lawmaking of the Right to Privacy As a type of legal right , the incipiency of the Right to Privacy may be tracked back to the 19th Century . In 1890 , Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis firstly used the concept of the Right to Privacy . The United State thereafter gradually established the legal position of the Right to Privacy . In the middle 20th Century , the “ United Declaration of Human Right ”“,the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights”and the other international human rights documentaries acknowledged the status of a basic human right of the right to privacy .Thus ,the right to privacy became a topic that specially concerned and widely argued by jurisconsults all over the world . So, the Right of Privacy is not a new concept . Since the right for privacy was defined for the first time well over 100 years ago , not much has changed on a fundamental level .The start of focus on and discussion of the right to privacyin China is later than other countries ,so there are still many points , either in theory or in practice , urgently need to be clarified .

我们经常现身于大庭广众之中，在此类场合下，我们通常不介意世人的窥视；但在其他时候，我们中大多数人都会尽力不让某些私事过于张扬。有时我们会彻底掩盖自己的思想、感觉、信息、性格或体态，更通常情况下，我们只把这些与少数人分享。从这个意义上说，隐私乃是控制和避免披露某些自身事务的能力，这是一种广为承认是价值，是人类繁荣的一个重要条件。

一、隐私权的发展与立法

隐私权作为一项法律权利，它的发端可以追溯到十九世纪。1890年，塞缪尔·沃伦与路易斯·布兰代斯提出了隐私权的概念，从此，隐私权美国逐步确立了自己的法律地位。二十世纪中期《世界人权宣言》、《公民权利与政治权利公约》等国际人权文件明确了隐私权是一项基本人权。至此，隐私权成为世界各国法备受关注的话题。所以说，隐私权并不是一个新概念。自从100多年前提出隐私权以来，基本层面的东西没有太大变化。我国对隐私权的关注和研究起步较晚，在法学理论和司法实践中有许多问题有待澄清。

But the privacy concept is more abstract and its content is quite not explicit, so even we adopt American privacy concept, the law has not present the clear definition. Except that some statute laws define the particular information privacy, other privacy mainly depends on common law that provides protection and judges have much discretion . The consciousness of privacy varies greatly because of history and culture and law system. It is generally considered that privacy refers to the facts and secrets concerned with the privacy life of individuals , and it can not affect on public interests due to its nature of private law . Privacy is a part of right of personal life ,but Chinese current General Rules of the Civil Law has not explicit provisions on privacy in the regulation related to rights of personal life . Article 120 write that: If a citizen’s right of personal name, portrait , reputation or honour is infringed upon , he shall

have the right to demand that the infringement be stopped , his reputation be rehabilitated , the ill effects be eliminated and an apology be made ; he may also demand compensation for losses .But we have issued corresponding judicial interpretation in cases referred to the right of reputation and compensation for mental damage in legal practice . In Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on implementing the General Principles of Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China , Article 140 write that : The act of propagating other’s privacy in writing or orally or uglifying other’s human dignity openly by fabricating facts and impairing other’s reputation in the form of disparage and calumny with considerable influence shall be deemed as the acts of infringing a citizen’s right of reputation .

但隐私的概念较为抽象，内涵并不十分明确，即便是在采用了隐私概念的美国，在法律上也没有对隐私给出明确的定义，除一些成文法对特定的隐私信息给予界定外，其他隐私主要依靠普通法来保护，法官具有很大的裁量权。国际上，对隐私的认识，更是由于历史文化、法律制度的不同，千差万别。一般认为，隐私是与个人的私人生活有关的事实和秘密，是私法的范畴，不会对公共利益造成影响。隐私权是人身权的一方面，但中国现行民法通则中关于人身权的规定中并未有明确的隐私权规定。第一百二十条写道：公民的姓名权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权受到侵害的，有权要求停止侵害，恢复名誉，消除影响，赔礼道歉，并可以要求赔偿损失。法律实践中，在涉及名誉权及有关