第十五讲 被动语态

第十五讲 被动语态

（一） 概述

1．

英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例如：

Many people speak English.（主动语态） English is spoken by many people.（被动语态） 2．

被动语态的构成：助动词be+及物动词（或动词短语）的过去分词。在作谓语时，其人称、时态、数、情态等等都由be的适当变化形式表示。例如：一般现在时由am\\is或are+过去分词，现在完成时由has（或）have been+过去分词，有情态动词时由情态动词+be+过去分词构成等等。只要记住be的变化+过去分词形式即可。但是要注意：be+过去分词并不一定是被动语态。某些表示感觉的动词，如feel, look, seem等，其后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，同样可在be后面使用，作表语，表示状态。例如：

1) Children are easily excited.（小孩容易兴奋。） 2) The glass is broken.（这个杯子碎了。） 3．

被动语态用来强调或突出动作的承受者。因此，当不知道谁是动作的执行者，或由于某种考虑，在谈论时没有必要指出动作的执行者时都有可以用被动语态进行描述。例如： 1) The plan has been already made.（计划已经制定好了。） 2) His bike has been stolen.（他的自行车被偷了。）

（二） 主动语态转换为被动语态的方法：

1．

只有一个宾语的动词：

例题1 把下面的句子改为被动语态：

They often clean their classroom after class.

2． 有两面个宾语的动词，在转换为被动语态时，可以将其中一

个变为主语，另一个不动。一般情况下是主动结构的间接宾语变成被动结构的主语。如果在改为被动语态时，将直接宾语变为被动语态结构中的主语，要在间接宾语前加to。

例题1 Father gave him a new pen.（改为被动语态）

3．

有宾语和宾语补足语的动词，在变为被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动结构中的主语，原来的宾语补足语不动。同时，如果宾语补足语是动词不定式，则要带to。

例题1 The teacher helped students work out maths problem.

（改为被动语态） 4．

短语动词的被动语态结构：

有许多不及物动词加介词构成短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，可以转换为被动结构。此时特别要注意保持短语动词的完整，不要丢掉搭配的介词或副词。

例题1 She looked after the child.（改为被动语态）

例题2 The workers have put up a new library in our school.（改

为被动语态）

5．

谓语动词中有情态动词，在由主动语态转换为被动语态结构时，由情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词构成。 例题1 We can do it this way.（改为被动语态）

（三） 被动语态改为主动语态的方法：

把被动语态改为主动语态结构时要作如下改变：被动结构中介词by介绍的部分变成主动结构中的主语，把被动结构中的主语变成主动结构中的宾语，按照主动结构中的主语人称和数把被动态的谓语动词形式变为主动态的谓语动词形式。

例题1 The picture was painted two years ago by him.（改为主动

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语态）

例题2 Her work was finished an hour ago.（改为主动语态）

练 习

． 选择填空：

1. An American film _____ often _____on TV on Sunday evening. A. is …shown B. has …shown C. be …shown 2. Look! A big modern building ______ over the river. A. is built B. is being built C. has been built 3. Those things can’t ______ there.

A. be put B. is put C. be puted

4. The Chinese Communist Party ______ in Shanghai on July 1, 1921.

A. be founded B. was founded C. was found 5. Dr Bethune _____ by the Chinese people for ever.

A. was remembered B. is remember C. will be remembered 6. The plastic bags _____ here yet.

A. have not sent B. have been sent C. have not been sent 7. _____ trees usually ______ in April?

A. Have …planted B. Are …planted

C. Have…been planted

8. When we got there, the road _______.

A. is being repaired B. was being repaired C. has been repaired

9. The wounded soldiers _____ to the hospital at once. A. must be sent B. must are sent C. must sent 10. Our classroom ______ tomorrow.

A. is cleaned B. be cleaned C. will be cleaned

II． 将下列句子改为被动语态：

1. My father repaired that table. 2. A lot of people speak French in Paris.

3. My aunt gave me a calculator(计算器) on my birthday. 4. They were building that bridge when I was there. 5. We saw a little girl enter the house. 6. You have returned the book to the library. 7. You must hand in your homework today. 8. They will finish the work tomorrow. 9. The bad weather made them give up the trip. 10. They are watering the flowers.

III． 将下列句子改为主动语态（有括号内所给的词作主语）：

1. She was told the good news as soon as she arrived.(he)

2. You can’t use your classroom today because it is being painted.(workers)

3. Those shoes must be mended.(you)

4. Those textbooks will be published next month.(they) 5. What language is spoken in American?(people) 6. Has the book been finished?(they) 7. The electricity can not be seen.(we)

8. He is being operated on by the doctor.(doctor) 9. The tree was blown down by the wind.(the wind)

10. These magazines shouldn’t be taken away from the library.(you)

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I

Key:

(二) 1. 例题1 Their classroom is oftened cleaned after class (by them).

2. 例题1 He was given a new pen (by his father)

或 A new pen was given to him (by his father).

3. 例题1 Students were helped to work out maths problem (by

the teacher)。

4.

例题1 The children were looked after (by her).

例题2 A new library has been put up in our school (by the

workers.)

5. 例题1 It can be done (by us) this way.

(三)

例题1 He paineted the picture two years ago.

例题2 She finished her work an hour ago. Exercise I:

1.A 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.A 10.C

Exercise II:

1. That table was repaired (by my father). 2. French is spoken (by a lot of people) in Paris. 3. I was given a calculator on my birthday by my aunt. A calculator was given to me on my birthday by my aunt. 4. That bridge were being built when I was there. 5. A little girl was seen to enter the house. 6. The book has been returned to the library. 7. Your homework must be handed in today. 8. The work will be finished tomorrow.

9. They were made to give up the trip(by the bad weather ).

10. The flowers are being watered.

Exercise III:

1. He told her the good news as soon as she arrived.

2. You can’t use your classroom today because workers are painting it.

3. You must mend those shoes.

4. They will publish those textbooks next month. 5. What language people speak in American? 6. Have they finished the book ? 7. We can not see the electricity. 8. The doctor is operating on him. 9. The wind blew down the tree .(

10. You shouldn’t take away these magazines from the library.

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